A Study of Using the Central Line Prevention Bundle for Reducing the Research Paper

A Study of Using the Central Line Prevention Bundle for Reducing the Risk of Infections for Patients in the Intensive Care Ward - Research Paper Example These hospitals not only keep their facilities and equipment clean and sterile but they also follow certain procedures or protocol that ensures that there are no further complications or infections for the patient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One such infection-control procedure or protocol is the Central line bundle. This particular protocol was created in order to help prevent or control central-line infections in the intensive care unit. According to an article by nursezone.com â€Å"central lines† are the catheters inserted into major veins and are used to deliver medication or to replenish body fluids. These are great life support mechanisms; however the article also states that they â€Å"are also dangerous infection risks, responsible for as many as 28,000 deaths each year†. This figure is quite alarming, and this is also the same reason why this paper was created. It is meant to review the Central line bundle protocol and through medical data as well as articles, this paper will attempt to determine just how effective the Central line bundle is in terms of preventing infections for patients in the intensive care ward. This paper will use the PICO(T) method in trying to asses the Central line bundle’s effectiveness in preventing infections. ... Any death on its own has a very alarming effect, but even more so for those deaths that come from the very equipment that were expected to help the patient out in the first place. It now becomes hard to imagine that the very thing that was meant to help alleviate your struggle could potentially cost you more than you bargained for.   This is why the process of making sure that the central line bundle is effective at preventing these types of issues and effective at controlling central-line infections. These steps that have been developed in order to control these types of issues may be the difference between life and death for most patients. This paper’s significance comes in its assessment of the protocol and its conclusion of weather it really is effective or if not doing the protocol will provide the same results. According to the same article by nursezone.com, this protocol is one result of some efforts to reduce central-line infections in the intensive care ward, as wel l as an effort to save 100,000 lives in American hospitals. This paper’s main purpose is to validate if the protocol is effective and in effect, also attempts to validate the efforts made towards saving 100,000 lives in American hospitals. This is one of the main driving forces behind the paper as well as to provide a positive image on the procedures ad effectiveness of hospitals and other intensive care facilities. This is because as we may already know, there are many negative connotations regarding confinement in a medical facility and if the protocol is assessed to be effective, this will shed a positive note on the protocols of medical institutions, as well as remove any negative connotations regarding these types of equipments or procedures. This is very significant to patient outcomes

What Is Dry Needling Essay Example for Free

What Is Dry Needling Essay Recently, Physical Therapists have been seeking to incorporate what is being named Dry Needling into their patient treatment regimens. Dry Needling is indistinguishable from acupuncture, yet is often based on two or three day seminars, featuring only 16 to 24 hours of classroom education with no needle technique clinical internship training being included. Is Dry Needling the same as Acupuncture? â€Å"Yes,† according to all major state and national organizations involved in the certification, professional representation and educational development of the field of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine. The Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (CCAOM) states â€Å"It is the position of the CCAOM that any intervention utilizing dry needling is the practice of acupuncture, regardless of the language utilized in describing the technique.† 1 Medicare agrees. â€Å"The only code for Medicare that would cover something like dry -needling would be an acupuncture code,† said Assistant U.S. Attorney Kevin Doyle .† Will Dry Needling practice affect Acupuncture practice? Patients do not discern between types of needling treatments. When a patient receives a therapy involving needling, their perception is that they have received acupuncture. When acupuncture is performed by practitioners without adequate classroom and clinical education, the experience of acupuncture is not optimal. When acupuncture is performed by practitioners without needling technique education, without Clean Needle Technique certification, and without needle technique clinical internship, the experience of needling can be hazardous. Adversely performed acupuncture negatively impacts all those practitioners who are licensed to practice acupuncture. Negative patient feedback especially affects the availability of new patients for Licensed Acupuncturists. It makes good business sense for practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine and acupuncture to safeguard, protect and regulate the teaching and practice of their chosen healing art, Acupuncture. Coalition for Safe Acupuncture Practice seeks to inform and warn the public of the healthcare hazards and the potential for serious injury that exists in undergoing Dry Needling treatment by any healthcare practitioners, including Physical Therapists, who are not also fully trained and licensed as Acupuncturists.

Higher Education Essay -- College University Money Knowledge Essays

Higher Education A college education. Many parents and even parents-to-be are bombarded with this goal, sometimes before their child is even born. How will they save? What is the best way to save? How much should they save? Magazines for new parents deal with this issue on a regular basis. Parents are warned in American Baby, "Start early...Eighteen years from now...a college education will cost close to $85,000 at a public university and just over $200,000 at a private institution." Parents are also advised to save around $115-284 a month from their child's birth. Another issue of American Baby suggests that parents "Start saving as soon as you can, and put money in regularly." These magazines work on the assumption that parents will be sending their children to college. It is just a given. Why is it just understood that we will be sending the next generation to college? What has changed so much since the days when only the wealthy (and male) went to college? Today a college education is available to many more people, with the availability of grants and Stafford (guaranteed student) loans, given they have the desire, some level of intelligence, and often a willingness to go into debt for their education. According to www.house.gov, "Over the last 15 years, the cost of a public 4-year college education has increased by 234%. In comparison, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) increased by 74% and family incomes have risen only 82%." They also state that "The price of a college education has increased two to three times the rate of inflation since the early 1980's." The Global Institute, at www.edgorg.com, says that today there exists a "growing difficulty of moderate income families to pay for college" with st... ...order to get better jobs and earn more money, to get to the good life, yet influenced by what colleges want them to learn and what employers want them to know: these all may or may not be the same thing. What employers want out of college graduates is also based on money: who can do the job the fastest and best, who can save or make money for the business. What is clear is that the university or college which is purely a "meeting of the minds," a place for people to gather and learn for the sake of learning, seems to be becoming a thing of the past. It is being replaced by an increasingly commercialized system of higher education: one that costs more and more each year--with the cost rising much faster than the rate of household incomes, and one that is being altered by the needs of an increasingly diverse student population and the needs of the business world.

Race Car Aerodynamics

Race Car Aerodynamics Gregor Seljak April 8, 2008 1 Introduction First racing cars were primarily designed to achieve high top speeds and the main goal was to minimize the air drag. But at high speeds, cars developed lift forces, which a? ected their stability. In order to improve their stability and handling, engineers mounted inverted wings pro? les1 generating negative lift. First such cars were Opel’s rocket powered RAK1 and RAK2 in 1928. However, in Formula, wings were not used for another 30 years. Racing in this era 1930’s to 1960’s occured on tracks where the maximum speed could be attained over signi? ant distance, so development aimed on reducing drag and potencial of downforce had not been discovered until the late 1960’s. But since then, Formula 1 has led the way in innovative methods of generating downforce within ever more restrictive regulations. Figure 1: Opel’s rocket powered RAK2, with large side wings 2 Airfoils Airfoil can be de? nead as a shape of wing, as seen in cross-section. In order to describe an airfoil, we must de? ne the following terms(Figure 2) †¢ The mean camber line is a line drawn midway between the upper and lower surfaces. †¢ The leading and trailing edge are the most forward an rearward of the mean camber line. Compared to an aircraft 1 †¢ The chord line is a line connecing leading an trailing edge. †¢ The chord length is the distance from the leading to the trailing edge, measured along the chord line. †¢ The camber is the maximum distance between mean camber line and chord line. †¢ The thickness is the distance between the upper and lower surfaces. Figure 2: Airfoil nomenclature The amount of lift L produced by the airfoil, can be expressed in term of lift coe? cient CL 1 2 (1) L = V? SCL 2 where V? denotes the freestrem velocity, ?uid density and S the airfoil area. 2. 1 Flow over an airfoilProperties of an airfoil can be measured in a wind tunnel, where constantchord wing spannes the entire test section, from one sidewall to the other. In this conditions, the ? ow sees a wing without wing tips. Such wing is called in? nite wing and streches to in? nity along the span. Because the airfoil section is identical along the wing, the properties of the airfoil and the in? nite wing are identical. Therefore the ? ow over an airfoil can be described as a 2D incompressible inviscid ? ow over an in? nite wing. Lift per unit span L? generated by an arbitrary airfoil(or any other body) moving at speed V? through the ? ud with density and circulation ? is 2 given by Kutta-Joukowsky theorem L? = V? ? . (2) Circulation around an airfoil, can be calculated with the concept of a vortex sheet, which was ? rst introduced by Prandtl an his colleagues. Consider an airfoil of arbitrary shape and thickness as shown in Figure 3. Circulation can be distributed over the whole airfoil area with surface density(vortex sheet strength) d? /ds = ? (s), where ? (s) must satisfy Kutta condition ? (trailing edge) = 0 (3) Entire circulation is then given by ?= ? (s)ds , (4) where the integral is taken around the complete surface of the airfoil.However, there is no general solution for ? (s) for an airfoil of arbitrary shape and it must be found numericaly, but analytical solutions can be found with some aproximations. Figure 3: Simulation of an arbitrary airfoil by distributing a vortex sheet over the airfoil surface. 2. 2 Thin airfoil theory Here we discuss thin airfoil in freestream of velocity V? under small angle of attack ?. Camber and thickness are small in relation with chord length c. In such case, airfoil can be described with a single vortex sheet distributed over the camber line(Figure 4). Our goal is to calculate the variation of ? s), such that the chamber line becomes streamline and Kutta condition at trailing edge, ? (c) = 0, is satis? ed. 3 Figure 4: Thin airfoil approximation. Vortex sheet is distributed over the chamber line The velocity at any point in the ? ow is the sum of the uniform freestream velocity and velocity induced by the vortex sheet . In order the camber line to be a streamline, the component of velocity normal to the camber line must be zero at any point along the camber line. w ? (s) + V? ,n = 0 , (5) where w ? (s) is the component of velocity normal to the chamber line induced by the vortex sheet and V? n the component of the freestrem velocity normal to the camber line. Considering small angle of atack and de? ning ? (x) = dz/dx as the slope of the chamber line, V? ,n can be written as (Figure 5) V? ,n = V? ? ? dz dx (6) Because airfoil is very thin, we can make the approximation w ? (s) ? w (x) , (7) where w (x) denotes the component of velocity normal to the chord line and can be, using the Biot-Savart law, expressed as c w (x) = ? 0 ? (? )d? 2 ? (x ? ? ) (8) Substituting equations (6), (7) and (8) into (5) and considering Kutta condition, we obtain 1 2? c 0 ? (? )d? dz = V? ? ? x dx ? (c) = 0 undamental equations of thin airfoil theory. 4 (9) Figure 5: Determination of the component of freestrem velocity normal to the chamber line In order to satisfy this conditions , we ? rst transform our variables x and ? into c c x = (1 ? cos ? 0 ) (10) ? = (1 ? cos ? ) 2 2 and equation (9) becomes 1 2? ? 0 ? (? ) sin ? d? dz = V? ? ? cos ? ? cos ? 0 dx (11) with a solution that satis? es Kutta condition ? (? ) = 0 ? (? ) = 2V? A0 ? 1 + cos ? An sin(n? ) + sin ? n=1 (12) In order to ? nd coe? cients A0 and An , we substitute equation (12) into equation (11) and use the following trigonometric relations ? 0 sin(n? ) sin ? ? = cos(n? 0 ) cos ? ? cos ? 0 (13) ? sin(n? 0 ) cos(n? )d? = cos ? ? cos ? 0 sin ? 0 (14) ? 0 and ? nnaly obtain ? dz An cos(n? 0 ) = (? ? A0 ) + dx n=1 5 (15) This equation is in form of a Fourier cosine series expansion for the function dz/dx. Comparing it to the general form for the Fourier cosine expansion we obtain 1 ? dz A0 = ? ? d? 0 (16) ? 0 dx 2 ? dz cos(n? 0 )d? 0 (17) An = ? 0 dx The total circulation due to entire vortex sheet from leading to the trailing edge is c cc ? (? ) sin ? d? (18) ? (? )d? = ?= 20 0 Substituting equation (12) for ? (? ) into equation (18) and carrying out the integration, we obtain ? = cV? ? A0 + A1 (19) 2 hence the lift per unit span, given by Kutta-Joukowski is 2 L? = V? ? = c V? ? A0 + ? A1 2 (20) This equation leads to to the lift coe? cient in form cl = ? (2A0 + A1 ) = 2? ? + 1 ? ? 0 dz (cos(n? 0 ) ? 1)d? 0 dx (21) and lift slope dcL = 2? (22) d? Last two results are important. We can see, that lift coe? cient is function of the shape of the pro? le dz/dx and angle of attack ? , and that even symmetrical wing produces lift, when set under an angle of attack. Lift slope is constant, independently of the shape of the pro? le, while the zero lift angle lS ? ?L=0 = ? 1 ? 0 dz (cos(n? 0 ) ? 1)d? 0 dx (23) depends on the shape. The more highly chambered the airfoil, the larger is ? L=0 2. 3 Vi scid ? ow By now, we have studied the inviscid incompressible ? ow. But in real case, ? ow is viscous. It is time to compare our theoretical results with real one. In Figure 6, we can see variation of lift coe? cient with the angle of attack. 6 At low angles of attack cl varies linearly with ? , as predicted by the theory. However, at certain angle of attack, cl reaches it’s maximum value cl,max and starts to decrease. This is due to viscous e? ect of the ? uid (air). First, the ? w moves smoothly over the airfoil and is attached over most of the surface, but at certain value of ? seperates from the top surface, creating a wake of turbulent ? ow behind the airfoil, which results in drop in lift and increase in drag. Figure 6: Variation of lift coe? cient with the angle of atack. To increase lift of the airfoil, we must increase cl,max . As we have seen, the cl,max of the airfoil primarily depends on it’s shape. Airfoil’s shape can be changed with use of multiele ment ? aps at the trailing edge and slats at leading edge. They increase chamber of the airfoil and therefore its cl,max .The streamline pattern for the ? ow over such airfoil can be seen in Figure 7. 3 Finite wings Properies of airfoils are the same as the properties of a wing of in? nite span. However, all real wing are of ? nite span and the ? ow over ? nite wing is 3 dimensional. Because of higher pressure on the bottom surface of the wing, the ? ow tends to leak around the wing tips. This ? ow establishes a circulary motion that trails downstream of the wing. A trailing vortex is created at each wing tip. These wing-tip vortices induce a small downward component of air velocity, called downwash . It produces a local relative wind which is Figure 7: Flow over multielement airfoil. directed downward in the vicinity of the wing, which reduces the angle of attack that each section of the wing e? ectively sees ?ef f = ? ? ? i (24) and it creates a component of drag, de? ned as induc ed drag. 3. 1 Prandtl’s classical lifting-line theory The idea of lifting line theory, is to use two dimensional results, and correct them for the in? uence of the trailing vortex wake and its downwash. Let’s replace a ? nite wing of span b, with a bound vortex 2 extending from y = ? b/2 to y = b/2. But due to the Helmholtz’s theorem, a vortex ? ament can’t end in a ? uid. Therefore assume the vortex ? lament continues as two free vortices trailing downstream from the wing tips to in? nity(Figure 8). This vortex is due to it’s shape called horseshoe vortex. Downwash induced by such vortex, does not realistically simulate that of a ? nite wing, as it aproaches at wing tips. Instead of representing the wing by a single horseshoe vortex, Prandtl superimposed an in? nite number of horseshoe vortices, each with an in? nitesimally small strength d? , and with all the bound vortices coincident along a single line, called the lifting line.In this model, w e have a continious distribution of circulation ? (y ) along the lifting line with the value ? 0 at the origin. The two trailing vortices in single horseshoe vortex model, have now 2 A vortex bound to a ? xed location in ? ow 8 Figure 8: Replacement of the ? nite wing with single horseshoe vortex. Figure 9: Superposition of an in? nite number of horseshoe vortices along the lifting line. became a continious vortex sheet trailing downstream of the lifting line,and the total downstream velocity w , induced at the coordinate y0 by the entire trailing vortex sheet can be expressed as w (y 0 ) = ? 4? b/2 ?b/2 (d? /dy )dy y0 ? y (25) The induced angle of attack at the arbitrary spanwise location y0 is given by ? i (y0 ) = arctan ?w (y0 ) ?w (y0 ) = , V? V? (26) where we considered V? ? w (y0) and arctan(? ) ? ? for small values of ?. Now we can obtain an expression for the induced angle of attack in term of the circulation distribution along the wing ?i (y0) = ? 1 4? V? 9 b/2 ?b/2 (d? /dy )dy y0 ? y (27) Combining results cl = 2? (y0) V? (28) and cl = 2? [? ef f (y0 ) ? ?L=0 ] (29) for coe? cient of lift per unit span from thin airfoil theory, we obtain ? ef f = ?(y0 ) + ? L=0 ?V? c(y0 ) (30)Substituting equations (27) and (30) into (24), we ? nally obtain the fundamental equation of Prandtl’s lifting line theory. ? (y 0 ) = 1 ?(y0 ) + ? L=0 (y0 ) + ?V? c(y0 ) 4? V? b/2 ?b/2 (d? /dy )dy y0 ? y (31) Just as in thin airfoil theory, this integral equation can be solved by assuming a Fourier series representation for the distribution of vorticity N An sin n? ?(? ) = 2bV? (32) n=1 where we considered transormation y = (? b/2) cos ? , with 0 ? ? ? ? and coe? cients An must satisfy Equation (31). With such vorticity distribution, Equation (31) becomes ?(? 0 ) = N N 2b sin n? 0 nAn An sin n? 0 + ?L=0 (? 0 ) + ?c(? 0 ) n=1 sin ? 0 n=1 (33) The total lift distribution is obtained by integrating equation for lift distribution over the span L= b/2 ?b/2 V? ?(y )dy (34) C oe? cients of lift and induced drag3 , can be calculated via equations CL = and CD = 2 L = q? S V? S D 2 = q? S V? S 3 b/2 ?(y )dy (35) ?i (y )? (y )dy (36) ?b/2 b/2 ?b/2 Note the di? erence in nomenclature. For 2D bodies, coe? cients have been denoted with lowercase letters. In 3D case, we use capital letters 10 respecteviliy. Considering expressions (32) and (33), they can be written as CL = A1 ? AR (37) and 2 CL (1 + ? ) (38) ?AR here AR is aspect ratio of ? nite ? ng, de? ned as AR = b2 /S , and ? = N 2 2 (An /A ? 1) . Note that CL depends only on the leading coe? cient in Fourier series expansion and that ? ? 0. Therefore, the lowest induced drag will be produced by a wing where ? = 0, that is, n = 1. Such circulation distribution is given by ? (? ) = 2bV? A1 sin ? and is known as elliptical circulation distribution CD,i = 4 Ground e? ect The main di? erece between wing application in aviation and car racing is, that cars are in contact with the ground. Therefore, wing experien ces some additional e? ects due to ground proximity.Remember the wing tip vortices we mentioned at the beginning of the previous section. They do nothing but harm, as they increase drag and decrease lift at given angle of attack. When ?ying near to the ground, the ground partially blocks(Figure 10) the trailing vortices and decreases the amount of downwash generated by the wing. This reduction in downwash increases the e? ective angle of attack of the wing so that it creates more lift and less drag than it would otherwise. This e? ect is greater, the closer to the ground the wing operates. Figure 10: E? ect of the ground proximity on creation of the trailing vortices.Another way to create downforce is to create low pressure area underneath the car, so that the higher pressure above the car will apply a downward force. The area between car’s underbody and the ground, can be thougth as an example of Venturi nozzle. The Venturi e? ect may be derived from 11 a combination of Bern oulli’s principle and the equation of continuity. The ? uid velocity increases through the constriction to satisfy the equation of continuity, while it’s pressure decreases due to conservation of energy. The gain in kinetic energy is supplied by a drop in pressure.The main advantage of ground e? ect is, that it produces almost no drag. 5 Applications in car racing Now summarize what we have learned so far. The coe? cient of lift increases with increasing angle of attack. At some angle, ? ow seperates from the wing, which causes drop of lift coe? cient. With use of multidimensional ? aps, we increase chamber of the airfoil and thus maximum coe? cent of lift. In 3 dimensional case, vortices appear at wing tips. They reduce wing’s e? ciency and increase drag. The lowest drag can be achieved with elliptically shaped wing. Dimensions of the wing are also important.Wing with greater surface, produces more lift and wing with higher aspect ratio induces less air resista nce. In the next sections, we will see, how engineers used this principles at developing the main aerodynamical parts of racing cars. 5. 1 Rear wing First rear wing appeared in 1966, when Jim Hall equiped his Chaparral 2E with a rear wing. From then on, use of wings grew quickly. First wings were mounted high over the rear end of the car to operate in indisturbed ? ow. They were also mounted on pivots, so the driver was able to change the angle of attack during the ride. High mounted wings often broke o? uring the race and were therefore prohibited by FIA. In Formula 1, wings were ? rst introduced in 1968 at the Belgium grand prix, when Ferrari used full inverted rear wings, and Brabham did likewise, just one day after the Ferrari’s wings ? rst appeared. Modern rear wings produce approximately 30-35 % of the total downforce of the car. A typical con? guration(Figure) consists of two sets of airfoils connected to each other by the wing endplates. The most downforce is provided by the upper airfoil. To achieve the greatest possible lift coe? cient, it consists of multiple high aspect ratio elements, which prevent ? w separation. Angle of attack depends on circuit con? guration. On tracks with many turns, more downforce is needed, therefore the wing is set at higher angle of attack. Conversely, on tracks with long straights, wing has small angle attack, thus reducing air drag and allowing higher top speeds. Lower airfoil section ac12 Figure 11: Chapparal 2E (left) and Ferrari 312 (right). tually reduces the downforce produced by total rear wing, but it creates a low-pressure region just below the wing to help the di? user4 to create more downforce below the car. Ususally it consists of two elements.Another important part of rear wing are endplates . They provide a convenient way of mounting wings, but also have aerodynamic function. They reduce the 3D e? ect of the wing by preventing air leakage around the wing tips and thus formation of trailing vortices. An additional goal of the rear endplates is to help reduce the in? uence of up? ow from the rear wheels. The U-shaped cutout from the endplate further alleviates the development of trailing vortices. 5. 2 Front wing The front wing on the car produces about 1/3 of the car’s downforce and it has experienced more modi? ations than rear wing. It is the ? rst part of the car to meet the air mass, therefore, besides creating downforce, it’s main task is to e? ciently guide the air towards the body and rear of the car, as the turbulent ? ow impacts the e? ciency of the rear wing. Front wings appeared in Formula 1 just two weaks after the ? rst rear wings, on Lotus 49B. First front wings were quite simple with single rectangular airfoil with ? at vertical endplates to reduce wing tip vortices. First improvement appeared in 1971, with so-called Gurney ? ap. This is a ? at trailing edge ? p perpendicular to the chord and projects about 2% of the chord. It can improve the perfor mance of a simple airfoil to nearly the same level as a complex design. The same year, the concept of elliptical wing was applied. March equiped it’s 711 with elliptical front wing. Two years later Ferrari avoided wing-body interaction with wing mounted quite far ahead 4 See section 5. 3 13 Figure 12: Modern rear wing consists of upper(2) an lower(3) airfoil section mounted on endplates (1) with U-shaped cutout (4). from the body. Multi element wings were introduced in 1984 by McLaren.The angle of attack of the second element was allowed to be modi? ed so that the load applied on the front wing could be changed to balance the car according to the driver’s wishes. In 1990 Tyrell raised the nose of it’s 019 to increase the ? ow under the nose cone and improve ? ow conditions under the car. This concept avoids wing-body interaction and allows the front wing to operate in undisturbed ? ow. It also enlarges e? ective area of the wing. After Imola 1994, the FIA regula tions do not allow any chassis parts under a minimum ground height. This clearance is di? erent between the centre and the side of the car.Teams used this to curve front wing in the centre of the span and regain some of the lost ground e? ect. In 1998, regulations decreased the width of Formula 1 car, so the front wings overlapped the front wheels. This created unnecessary turbulence in front of the wheels and reducing aerodynamic e? ciency of the wing. With reducing wing’s span this could be avoided, but it would also decrease wing’s aspect ratio. Insted this, teams use wing tips to direct the air around the wheels. 14 Figure 13: Con? guration of modern front wing. Two element airfoil (1 & 2) is mounted under the nose of the car (5).Endplates (4) direct air around the wheels and curved area (4) under the nose increases wing’s e? ciency. 5. 3 Ground e? ect The second revolution in Formula 1 aerodynamics occurred about a decade after the ? rst, with the introucti on of the Lotus T78 in 1977. Lotus T78 and it’s further development, Lotus T79, were ? rst cars to use ground e? ect. The underbody took shape of inverted wing pro? le(Figure). The decreasing crosssectional area accelerated the air? ow and created low pressure underneath the car. The gap between the bottom of the sidepods and the ground was sealed with so-called sidepods. They helped to maintain 2D ? w characteristics that provide increased downforce and reduced drag, compared to a typical 3D wing. Skirts enabled very high cornering speeds and were prohibited by the rules, due to safety reasons and from 1983 onwards, the tehnical regulations in Formula 1 require the underbody panel between the wheels to be completely level. The ? ow wolume between the vehicle and the ground is strongly dependent on the car’s attitude relative to the ground. This correlation is illusrtated in Figure. Very small ground clearence results in positive lift, since there is almost no air? ow between the underbody and the ground. With in- 15Figure 14: Some historical milestones in front wing develpment. Lotus 49B, March 711, Ferrari 312 T2 and Tyrrell 019. Figure 15: Lotus T79 and sketch of it’s underbody creasing ground clearence the air? ow produces low pressures causing overall lift to be lowered to negative values and then to rise again as ground clearence continues to increase. This is due to the fact that the ? ow velocity under the car decreases as ground clearence increases. More downforce can be generated using a di? usor between the wheels at the rear of the car. The air enters the di? user in a low-pressure, high-velocity state after accelerating under the 16 ar. By gradually increasing the cross-sectional area of the di? user, the air gradually slows down and returns to its original free-stream speed and pressure. The di? user’s aim is to decelerate the air without it separating from the tunnel walls, which would cause a stall, reducing the down force and inducing a large drag force. By installing an inverted wing close to the di? user exit 5 it is possible to create a low-pressure area, which essentially sucks the air from the di? user. The di? user and wing combination permits a higher air mass ? ow rate through the di? user, thus resulting in higher downforce.Sharp edges on the vertical tunnel walls generate vortices from entrained air and help con? ne the air through the di? user and reduce the chance it will separate. Figure 16: Correlation between lift coe? cient and ground clearence(left) and di? user on Ferrari F430(right) Again Chaparral, showed completely new way to create downforce. The Chaparral 2J in 1969 used two rear fans to suck in air from under the car, thus creating low pressure under the car. Big advantage of this concept is, that downforce can be generated independently of the speed. Fans were also used in Formula 1. Brabham BT46 used a rear mounted fan driven o? he gearbox. It won it’s debut rac e in 1978, but was promptly banned by the governing body. Barge boards were ? rst seen in 1993 and their purpose is to smooth the air? ow around the car and into the radiator intakes. They are most commonly mounted between the front wheels and the sidepods (See Figure) . Their main purpose is to direct relatively clean air into the sidepods. Clean air is from the low section of the front wing where air? ow is fairly una? ected 5 See rear wing section 17 Figure 17: Two cars which used fans to create downforce. The Chaparral 2J â€Å"sucker car† (left) and Brabham BT46 â€Å"fan car† y the wing and far away from tires, which may throw stones and debris in to the radiator. Bargeboards also produce vortices, to seal the area between the sidepots and the surface. They work as a substitude for skirts. Figure 18: Bargeboards on McLaren MP4/8 6 Conclusion References [1] J. D. Anderson; Fundamentals of Aerodynamics 18 [2] Applied Aerodynamics: A Digital Textbook, http://www. de sktopaero. com/appliedaero/preface/welcome. html [3] W-H Hucho: Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles [4] Peter Wright: Formula 1 Technology [5] Milliken,Milliken: Race Car Vehicle Dynamics [6] F. Mortel: Cran? eld Team F1: The Front Wing 19

Should a Woman Be More Educated

SHOULD A WOMAN BE MORE EDUCATED THAN A MAN OR SHOULD A MAN BE MORE EDUCATED THAN A WOMAN? August 13, 2012 SHOULD A WOMAN BE MORE EDUCATED THAN A MAN OR SHOULD A MAN BE MORE EDUCATED THAN A WOMAN? Thesis: Education is the key to success and therefore every woman or a man should be equally allowed to be educated if they so desire, the reason is society achieves more with both educated women and men and also educated women can make a family stronger whiles educated men can influence the nation with their leadership skills and enthusiasm.Another reason is that women are like role models in their homes and also in the eyes of their children. Their passion and love they have for their children is so unique that nothing can stop a mother’s love and care for children and society. I. Keeping a girl child in the kitchen as some societies do and some cultures accept is not a better way to raise a great generation, For as the saying goes, educating a woman will help you raise a nation but educating a man will help you give good counsel. II. It is true that men are known as the head of the family yet without an educated woman in the house, the house is always empty.III. Research have proven that at a time when women are consistently outperforming men in college enrollment and completion, women tend to value higher education more highly than men do and believe it has had a more positive impact on their lives, according to the results of a survey that was released in march 2010 by the Pew Research Center. IV. Some part of this world do not agree that a woman should be educated especially where I come from In Africa called Ghana, the belief is that a woman’s place is in the kitchen and the man needs to be more educated but I on’t agree to that and my stand in this argument is that â€Å"The woman should be more educated or equally educated because the pride of a nation is how their women are educated as well as the men. The public seems to be undecided ab out the impact of changes in the gender makeup of the student body. A majority of people surveyed welcomed the fact that more women than men were graduating from college and this makes me happy as woman because society makes us feel like we belong to the kitchen but not to be highly educated in some parts of the world. .Conclusion: I believe that everyone should be given the chance to a higher education regardless of culture traits, country or tribal differences, for when you raise a woman, you have raised a nation, even though men still take their positions in the home as the leaders and the decision makers, without an educated woman, a house will collapse and loose its sense of great direction. REF: http://chronicle. com/article/Women-Value-Higher-Education/12871http://www. statcan. gc. ca/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11542-eng. htm http://www. good. is/post/women-make-less-than-men-at-every-education-level/

Compare and contrast the poems The Lady of Shalott and The Highway Man Essay Example

Compare and contrast the poems The Lady of Shalott and The Highway Man Essay Example Compare and contrast the poems The Lady of Shalott and The Highway Man Paper Compare and contrast the poems The Lady of Shalott and The Highway Man Paper Essay Topic: Poetry In this essay, Im going to compare and contrast the two poems The Lady of Shalott and The Highway Man. I will be looking at their points of similarity and difference. The Lady of Shalott The Lady of Shalott is set in the fairy land of Shalott. She is a prisoner in an isolated castle with four grey towers and four grey walls. There is a river which flows down to Camelott. The castle in which shes imprisoned is on an island in the middle of the river. She is like a fairy not seen by anybody. She has a curse placed on her. She can only look at the world in reflection. She looks into a mirror and weaves a tapestry of the world outside. She sees the highway near winding down to Camelott, the red cloaks of market girls, a curly Shepherd lad, a long-haired page in crimson clad and the knights come riding two and two. Then she sees Sir Lancelot, a handsome, wealthy noble knight, ride between the barley sheaves. He flashed into the crystal mirror. She left the web, she left the loom she looked down to Camelott. Out flew the web and floated wide; the mirror cracked from side to side. The curse was now broken. She left the castle and found a boat beneath the willow afloat; she lay robed in snowy white in this boat and gently drifted down stream to Camelott and died. They heard her singing her last song, The Lady of Shalott. The Lady of Shalott is mainly set in the day as she looks into the mirror at the pastoral world outside. It is also mainly warm and sunny. The weather changes (pathetic fallacy) moves to night; she freezes to death. Lancelot is a noble knight, handsome, wealthy, honorable and has a high status. Lady of Shalott has a lovely face robed in snowy white. The Lady of Shalott dies peacefully, she just drifts off. She dies by accident for her imaginary love. The Lady of Shalott is divided into two parts each a chapter of the story. It is very methodical each stanza is nine lines. It has a very definite rhyme pattern. Every 5th line Camelot there is two exceptions Lancelot; he disrupts the pattern of her life. This breaks the pattern. The 9th line Shalott this echoes the gentle flow of the river ever towards Camelot. Alliteration is used to give the sound of the gentle breeze; willows whiten. Repetition is used to heighten effect four grey four grey. There is very little life (realism) about the poem but it is about a fairy lady. There are only three examples of direct speech. There is very little by the way of imagery Like to some branch of stars simile. Some bearded meteor trailing light metaphor with some degree of personification. There is the use of pathetic fallacy at the start of section IV, this is where the weather mirror events stormy east wind straining but the death itself is peaceful, and so there is little sound. The only onomatopoeia is the mirror cracked and this is at the dramatic climax of the poem; she has broken the curse and there is no going back. The Highway Man This poem is set in an isolated pub in the middle of the moors. It is as lonely and cut off as the castle of which The Lady of Shalott is imprisoned. There is a road outside the pub, just as by the river there is a road. In both cases the road brings destiny. In the pub lives Bess the landlords black-eyed daughter, Tim the Osler and the landlord. The Highway man rides down to the pub to see Bess, whereas in The Lady of Shalott floats down the river to see Lancelot. Lancelot is a law-abiding knight and the Highway man is a criminal but both look handsome. The Highway man plans to do a robbery and take Bess away to start a new life together. They seal it with a kiss which is real, whereas The Lady of Shalott has never been kissed in her life. Just as The Lady of Shalott has a curse, Bess also has a curse, her beauty. Because of her curse she attracts the Highway man and Tim. Tim overhears the conversation between Bess and the Highway man. He tells the soldiers that the Highway man is planning a robbery. The soldiers have a few beers in the pub and go upstairs. They tie up and gag Bess and put a musket up against her. They sexually torment Bess and behave like cowards. This poem is nearly all set at night a time of evil and it is cold, dark and windy whereas The Lady of Shalott is mainly set in the day and it is warm and sunny. Bess dies at night but the Highway man dies in broad daylight. The Lady of Shalott female has no name gives title to the poem. The Highway man male gives title to the poem. The main male character in The Highway man is a criminal whereas in The Lady of Shalott the main male character is an honorable noble Knight. The Lady of Shalott has a lovely face and is robed in snowy white and Bess is black-eyed; long black hair; love knot; red-lipped; cascade of perfume. In The Highway man Bess dies violently bloody, where as the Lady of Shalott dies peacefully. Bess deliberately kills herself to warn her lover whereas The Lady of Shalott dies by accident for her imaginary love. The Highway man is written in two parts (same as The Lady of Shalott) corresponding to before and after the robbery. It also has a regular rhyme pattern but the rhythms are much less even, suggesting the varying pace of action. The Highway man opens with a threatening metaphor torment of darkness. There is immediate movement tossed and the alliteration adds to the unease. The repetition Riding, riding suggest urgency, something relentless. There is much more life (realism) in this poem. It also has onomatopoeia plus alliteration cobbles clattered clashed. There is much more dialogue one kiss my bonny sweetheart. The use of punctuation devices; parentheses, dashes and exclamation marks adds to the reality of this poem. The use of italics adds emphasis to certain sections. The characters are described in greater detail and the beauty of Bess, the black cascade of perfume, is in contrast with the unhealthy appearance of Tim, his hair like moldy hay (a very effective simile. ) The poem is good at implying things with a simple line; they (Soldiers) kissed her says a lot about their values and invites comparison with the behaviour of the highway man. I think that The Highway man is much more effective and moved me more because it is more realistic, where as The Lady of Shalott is more like a fairy tale.

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buy custom Ballistics essay This is an ordered field of study that deals with flights, their behaviors and the resultant effects of the projectiles. Projectiles in this field include; rockets, bullets and bombs. Ballistics may also refer to an art of designing as well as accelerating projectiles so as to achieve the desired outcome. A ballistic body is an entity that can move and its appearance texture and shape can be modified. It can also be forces or substances for instance, pressure in gases which are typically used in guns. Ballistics is a pertinent subject which helps crime investigators to determine the type of the gun used during the crime. This is because the path and the damage caused by the bullet can be assessed. (Hamilton, 1908) All weapons involve shooting the ammunitions which traditionally have cartridge cases, explosive chemical, powder and a bullet; there is also the mixing of chemicals in a pellet known as primer. In these weapons, the gunpowder and the ball are fitted inside the case and the primer is at the base of the cartridge casing of the gun. Thus, when a gun is pulled, a spark is the one that explodes the chemical powder, and the blast drives the bullet to fly forward. This happens at the end of the barrel known as the muzzle. Guns and other projectiles use kinetic energy and bullets are to resist external forces acting on them during acceleration to avoid easy deceleration. These two factors are always taken into consideration during the construction of bullets and other ammunitions. Bullets are classified according to their structure and thus there are solid ones, which are sometimes referred to as homogeneous bullets since they consist of only one material or element. There are jacketed bullets which have cores coated with a thin layer of a material of another substance and there are tracer bullets, which can be either, fully jacketed or solid bullets. In weapons, propellants are the main source of acceleration energy which enables a projectile to attain a maximum velocity. This energy is normally produced in a variety of ways, and its combustion generates a gas pressure to propel the projectile. A cartridge case serves the following function; it directs the projectile in the first section of the flight, it acts as a container for transportation of the primer and the propellants, it positions the projectile and the whole weapon, and it provides an accommodation to the extractors resistance of the missile which is responsible for a uniform combustion of the chemical powder. (Moss, 1995) The field of ballistics is subdivided into three namely; interior ballistics, exterior ballistics and terminal ballistics. Interior ballistics This is concerned with what normally happens between the cartridge that is fired and the projectile that leaves the muzzle. When the primer lights the propellant, a gas is produced which quickly builds up a greater amount of pressure. This pressure in turn pushes the projectile out of the casing and upward the barrel. The distinguishing feature of the propellant powder is that the pressure generated by the gas when at its peak is normally at the same time when the projectile commences its journey up the barrel. This explains why the gun is thicker at this part than other parts for it to withstand pressure. (Ackey, 1971) When the projectile moves up the barrel, it tends to create a space for the gas to expand and on the other hand, the same gas decreases. This same gas is vital as the projectile move away from the muzzle, and this result to a rapid expansion in the air causing a gun fire. This last expansion plus the end of the friction that existed between the projectile and the barrel boosts the projectile so that its maximum velocity is achieved beyond the guns muzzle. In essences, weapons function at different gas pressures for instance shot guns and pistols act at lower pressures while automatic cannons and rifle act at higher pressures. For higher velocities to be achieved, magnum and military pistols ammunitions that are used in sub machine guns are loaded with high pressures than the normal ones. This, therefore, shows that it is dangerous to use these ammunitions in normal guns. Cannon and rifle ammunitions are put to a practical pressure since the barrel risk of tear and wear is taken into consideration as well as chances of the case sticking to the chamber and other technical problems that are likely to occur. The chamber pressure is normally measured in the metric system which uses, Kg/cm2, bar which is an atmospheric pressure measurement also the scientific mgapascal (MPa). These measurements can be converted as; 1MPa=10bar=10.2kg/cm2. The chamber pressure for shot guns is 75-90MPa, for the pistols rounds are 100-240 MPa and for rifle rounds is 310-380 MPa. The extreme loading can be up to 450MPa. In this subfield, bolt thrush is a cartridge element that influence the gun design since it refers to the rearwards push on the gun bolt that is caused by the gun firing. This usually relies on two things; the chamber pressure and the inner diameter of the base of the case. This means that the wider the case to be, the larger the surface area of the pressure to act. Thus, if a cartridge case is long and thin, it can develop the same chamber pressure like a short flat one with twice the internal base area. This short flat one develops twice a bolt thrust than the long thin one, meaning that the greater the bolt thrush the stronger the guns locking mechanisms. In interior ballistics, a suppressor is an indispensable tool since it allows for the expansion of the gas within a controlled manner. This suppressor is attached to the muzzle of the weapon so that during expansion the gas is cooled, the pressure drops, and the ammunition are released slowly by slowly to avoid violent bursting. This explains why suppressors are bulky and if the propellants are more, big suppressors are needed. On the other hand, if a weapon is unsuppressed, the muzzle report becomes a source of noise. Supersonic projectiles with muzzle velocities of over 340m/s generate supersonic cracks which can be heard from far. An example of supersonic projectiles is the rifle ammunition while pistol ammunitions are subsonic. The suppressors have been found to be the best on subsonic ammunitions. When suppressors are used with rifles, the foe can hear the cracking sound but can not establish the direction of origin unless sophisticated equipment is used to detect the direction. (Heard, 2008) In interior ballistics, muzzle energy is developed by the cartridge and is measured in joules. Joules is arrived at by multiplying the weight of the projectile by the square of the muzzle velocity in m/s hence dividing it by 2000 which is a constant. This muzzle energy is generated by a certain amount of a propellant powder, and this relies on the caliber of the weapon. This means that the bigger the caliber, the higher the energy to be produced by a given amount of the powder. The law of diminishing returns applies to the production of muzzle energy since there is a practical limit of the powder in any caliber. This is highlighted by the fact that using a larger cartridge case which has a lot of propellant attains a slighter increase in velocity from the extra powder used. If a cartridge does not use its propellant efficiently, it is normally termed as an over-bore. In conjunction with this, different projectile weights produce different energy levels. Another important element in interior ballistics is the recoil effect which is determined by the gun characteristics and the cartridges ballistics. The recoil impulse of a weapon is usually created when a cartridge is fired. Recoil has two fundamental components namely; the momentum of the projectile and the rocketing effect of the disappearing gas. The recoil of any weapon is calculated by (bullet weight multiplied by muzzle velocity) + (propellant weight multiplied by 1200 m/s). This means that a cartridge firing at 5g bullet at 500m/s it has the same bullet momentum with that firing at 10g bullet at 250 m/s. The recoil caused by the disappearing gas is not easy to calculate since it relies on the relationship that exists between the length of the barrel and the burning features of the powder. This shows that a barrel with a normal length produces high-muzzle velocity which in turn leads to higher recoil through the bullet momentum and vice-versa. Exterior ballistics This is determined by the muzzle velocity and the coefficient of ballistics. The co-efficiency of ballistics is vita; since it establishes the rate at which the projectile slows down. As it goes with the muzzle velocity, it determines the maximum range and the actual moment to fly to any distance. This time of flight then depicts the rate at which it falls as it normally occurs at a constant rate because of the velocity. This co-efficiency of ballistics, the curved path produced, and the gravitational dropping of the projectile is known as trajectory. (Carculli, 2007) In long range shootings, a minimal time flight is recommended since it maximizes the chances of hitting by decreasing thee time of flight and the flattening of the projectiles trajectory. This in turn, enables the projectile to strike the intended target at a higher velocity with an immediate effect. For this to be achieved more propellant is needed and the barrel of the weapon should be longer than the desired. Ballistics co-efficiency is determined by sectional density (SD) and the form factor (FF). Sectional density is the ratio that exists between the projectiles weight and the caliber of the weapon. It is usually calculated by multiplying the projectiles weight by 1.422 then dividing it by the caliber square which is in millimeters. FF is the element which measures the aerodynamic efficiency of the projectiles shape. Thus, it is not easy to calculate unless there are manufacturers data provided. FF varies among the supersonic and the subsonic velocities since the shape that acts best at subsonic speeds are not adept at supersonic velocities. Streamlining can be done at subsonic velocities since drags are caused by low- pressure zones created at the base of the projectile while with supersonic speeds, a nose shaped structure is needed but the rear end do not matter a lot. Addition of tracers helps generate a gas which in turn aids to fill the low-pressure zone at the base of the projecti le thus dragging can be reduced. This in the long run gives them a different trajectory. (Rollins, 2004) Terminal ballistics In terminal ballistics, there are two significant aspects namely; the effect against the armour and the effect of the projectile strike against a soft surface or the target. When a projectile is directed towards a soft surface, it is destabilized as compared to a hard target. The underlying reason is its shape which is towards the centre of gravity of the ammunition is always towards the rear end, and as such prefers naturally to fly when the base is at the fore front. When the bullet is being released and starts travelling base first, it is normally referred to as tumbling. It is a scenario caused when a bullet spins by means of the rifling maintaining the flying bullet tumble at the same time since small bullets tumbles faster than the large ones given that other things are kept constant and equal. Small identical bullets with different internal constructions tumble at different speeds. For instance, a bullet manufacture in Yugoslavia which has a lead core tumbles much faster than a bullet from Russia which is steel cored and uses the same cartridge. Thus, various tricks have been used to improve the chances of a bullet tumbling. For example, the current Russian bullet is 5.45mm, and has a hollow tip while a British one has a light weight tip filler and the weight is concentrated at the rear end of the bullet. On the other hand, if the bullet has a weaker coating, the stresses caused by the tumbling may break this process is termed as fragmentati on and usually enhance the wounding effect caused. Bullets do so when in higher velocities, and this limits them to achieve a longer range especially when fired from carbines of lower muzzle velocities. Thus, fragmentation is not a requirement of any military bullet since 7.62*51 NATO bullet does not fragment while a Germany one do so by accident and not by design (NRA Firearms Fact Book, 3rd edition, 1989). Hunters often have claimed that the striking velocity of the bullet goes higher beyond 700m/s, and the result is that the hydrostatic shock starts to appear and this effect does not replicate itself among the people. There are instances where soldiers have fought continually despite receiving serious wounds from high- speed bullets. Critical shocks impacts only occur if the bullets go beyond the speed of sound in the flesh which is just around 1500m/s. (Karl, 1994) In conjunction to this, there is stopping power which refers to the opponent so that no further fighting continues. Low powered weapons are deadly and more power is needed for it to attain an effective stopping capacity. Hence bullets placement may be significant in achieving this. This is because of it is much effective to hit an immediate area with a low powered bullet than to cause a small injury with high powered weapons. Conclusion In conclusion, ballistics is crucial since it aids in the construction of effective weapons since several measures can be followed. For instance, the size of the caliber, the amount of the propellant powder to be used, the weight of the cartridge and other factors that determine the acceleration of the projectiles. Buy custom Ballistics essay

Fruitadens - Facts and Figures

Fruitadens - Facts and Figures Name: Fruitadens (Greek for Fruita tooth); pronounced FROO-tah-denz Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Jurassic (150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 1-2 pounds Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Exceptionally small size; bipedal posture; possibly feathers About Fruitadens It happens more often than you think, but the fossil specimens of Fruitadens languished for over two decades in museum collections before being meticulously examined. What these paleontologists found made headlines worldwide: a tiny (one or two pounds max), late Jurassic dinosaur that fed opportunistically on any bugs, plants, and any small critters that happened across its path. Fruitadens has proven difficult to classify; it has now been pegged as an ornithopod, and is believed to have been a close (albeit much smaller) relative of the different-toothed dinosaur Heterodontosaurus. (By the way, the name Fruitadens is often mistakenly translated as fruit tooth, but this wee dinosaur was actually named after the Fruita region of Colorado, where its fossil specimens were excavated in the late 1070s.) How could a dinosaur as tiny and inoffensive as Fruitadens survive in late Jurassic North America, home to giant, multi-ton sauropods like Brachiosaurus and fierce predators like Allosaurus? Logically enough, this tiny ornithischian probably adopted a similar strategy as the comparably sized mammals of the Mesozoic Era, scurrying through the underbrush (perhaps at night) and, just possibly, climbing trees to stay out of the way of larger dinosaurs. (In case you were wondering, as tiny as it was, Fruitafossor isnt the smallest dinosaur in the fossil record; that honor belongs to the four-winged Microraptor of early Cretaceous Asia, which was only about the size of a pigeon!)

E-Marketing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-Marketing Case Study - Essay Example 1). It is only when an organization considers a group as a key stakeholder that they can invest on a campaign targeting them. The other groups that seen as key stakeholders of HP are CIOs and IT executives who were targeted in the 2004 campaign, ‘change+ hp’. Celebrities and media houses are the other group identified as key stakeholders for HP as they were used to advance ‘The Personal Again Campaign’ while MTV collaborated with HP to develop the reality show ‘Meet or Delete’. According to Chakraborty and Govind (2008, p.5) HP decided to target some of its stakeholders in The Computer is Personal Campaign. These stakeholders include celebrities where as observed by Chakraborty and Govind (2008, p.5) the commercials featured Jay-Z and Shaun White. HP also targeted to harness the capability of media houses to reach out to its customers. Furthermore, the Campaign targeted different consumers but within the age bracket of 15 to 34 and middle sized businesses. b) Charlesworth (2009, p.49) explains internet marketing otherwise known as e-marketing is the process of promoting services and products over the internet. HP opted to use internet marketing given the obvious reasons that this marketing can reach to greater number of customers and is personalized. The issues that organisations need to consider when using e-marketing methods on an international basis include the concern that customers may not have an interaction with the product before they purchase it. The other issue is that of ensuring the security of the information of the customers when they are making on-line purchase. Moreover, Charlesworth (2009, p.49) argues that different nations have different considerations of what can be used in marketing campaigns which defined by their culture and morals. Another issue is explaining how the client can have the computer delivered to them after purchase. HP has to take into consideration the different cultures and morals of its target group when using e-marketing. This is given some of the celebrities in the Europe have no problem posing for a photo when nude but this is unacceptable in some societies and thus use of such photos should be discouraged. The company must also address the issue of customers not getting to interact with the product before they make the purchase. To deal with this, HP should offer support centres for its customers in different locations. The advertisement used must explain to the customers how the company will ensure the security of their information during transactions and how the computer can be shipped to the client after purchasing them. c) Viral marketing as described by Kaplan and Haenlein (2011, p. 253) refers to the technique of marketing that makes use of the already existing social networks to promote a brand by use of self-reproducing viral processes. Viral marketing may make use of video clips, advergames, eBooks, images, brandable software or text messages. Kapl an and Haenlein (2011, p. 253) lists three criteria critical in viral marketing including a messenger, message and environment. A messenger requires to have three components which includes market mavens, social hubs and salespeople as outlined by Kaplan and Haenlein (2011, p. 253). HP makes use of celebrities as the market mavens for effective viral marketing. HP also used fingerskilz.tv website created for fans to access information on the 2006 Fifa World Cup as their

The way to USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The way to USA - Essay Example I spent the week before I flew to USA walking in the house at night, driving around my hometown. I was strong and tough, so I did not cry at all, or perhaps I was only pretending to be strong. Here is an account of my experience on arriving to USA. It all started when I was expelled from my university, since I could not pass the math class twice. However, that was not because I was stupid. I had thought that the university would be like the high school, so, I did not work hard enough to pass the course. I was upset at that time. I felt lost. So, I started to ask myself what to do, and where to go. Since I could not find a job without a degree, so, I was hopeless, and I did not know what to do. I told my father, who was disappointed, but told me that I had not yet lost everything, and that I still had chances because I was not getting old for studying. He advised me to look up for a new university. I consulted people regarding this. One of my best friends told me that his cousin was studying at USA, and was happy enough about his choice so far. This was where I got the idea from. I talked to his cousin about this. Since I was a child, I was fantasizing about going to USA. I was dreaming about American culture, since I loved the ir way of living. So, that became my inspiration. I was afraid that my parents would stand against my decision, but I was wrong. My father told me, with a big smile and happy face, that he liked my talking like a grown up man. My mother was a bit worried about my staying in USA all alone. When she conveyed her feelings, her voice was trembling and her eyes started shedding tears, but she was pretended that she was looking down at her cell phone. I was not able to sleep after that. I was thinking a lot about how I could go by myself and adjust as I could not speak English. But, I was telling myself that everything would be all right. I put all my things together, which included my clothes, books, courage,

MKT Unit 4 Individual Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MKT Unit 4 Individual Project - Research Paper Example The study will deal with the introduction of a new online product known as â€Å"Common† which works as internet currency platform and enables smooth financial transactions between buyers and sellers. The author of the study has highlighted various innovative methods of marketing concepts for Common and make it one of the most saleable and profitable products all over the world. The main objective of the study would be to highlight the various dimensions of Common and its related marketing concepts. A unique marketing plan would be created for Common that would enable to attract potential customers for a particular segment which believe in online purchasing and selling. One of the prime objectives of the study would be to highlight the product characteristics and features that would enable the reader to understand the innovative concept of digitalized transaction and its benefits. Finally, the study would conclude with the various marketing strategies that would enable the suc cessful marketing of Common internet currency platform. ... The prime objective of Common would be to enable fast electronic money and fund transfer for the online buying of products and conversion of money into digitalized currency. The sole purpose behind the creation of such an online platform would be to address the needs and concerns of the customers who believe in performing online transactions and also help in providing customers security and confidentiality while performing online transactions (Forex, 2013a). Common will also try to address the gaps that exist between the customers performing the online and offline transactions. The main objective would always be to provide a smooth financial service and also highlight the various concepts which help in facilitating intensive and extensive data. The maintenance and service offerings would directly depend upon the research market offerings and the proper maintenance of the customer accounts. It also helps in facilitating transactions between financial institutions such as banks, insura nce for investment purposes which help in enhancement of the technical and business expertise. The strategic mission of the company would be to develop a customized online platform which would help in catering to the needs and development of the customers making online and offline transactions (Forex, 2013a). Target Market Although, there is no specific customer segment targeted for the internet currency platform it is assumed that the customers who are not familiar with the technological concepts and methods are not targeted for the customers. The platform would enable micro, gaming; virtual currencies, offer based and mobile payment (FDBC, 2011).It would also facilitate online trading and domestic payment. The marketing department of Common would target customers aged

Sustainable Deficit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainable Deficit - Essay Example Productivity affects the current account when investment occurs in order to increase future output. According to Economic Review, First Quarter 2001, â€Å"economic theory predicts that if a country experiences an investment boom as a result of increased productivity, while its trading partners do not, its current account deficit should widen.† Catherine Mann suggests that current account deficit can indicate that a nation is â€Å"living beyond its means,† or that a country is attracting global foreign investment due to higher returns and less risk. In the Economic Review article, Jill Holman defines current account as â€Å"the change Over time in the sum of three components: the trade account, the income account, and The transfer account.† Trade account is the difference in value of imports and exports. Income account is the difference in income payments made to foreigners versus payments Received from foreigners. Transfer account is the difference in value of private and government payments to and from other countries. The explanation on page 8 of the Economic Review summarizes a trade deficit that must be financed by borrowing from abroad. How this borrowing affect the U.S. current account deficit is more complicated than the trade deficit. The U.S. trade deficit has been widening since the late 1990s as we demand and consume more foreign goods. As we borrow from abroad, we must also make payments to foreign investors. Overall, deficits in both accounts are the result of U.S. participation in a global marketplace.

COMEDY - INFORMATIVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

COMEDY - INFORMATIVE - Essay Example o involved with the charity, through the earnings made by selling pixels from this website, I would be able to expand the area of social work and contribute to the good cause on an individual basis. As soon as you buy pixels from us and formalities are completed, you would be able to upload your picture within 5 minutes and have your own web space! So there you have the differential element that is not found in the suggested site. We also let you earn by sharing our revenues with you. Yes, I want you all to realize your dreams of becoming a celebrity! With just 10 cents, have your own web-space where you can advertise yourself to the whole wide world. Think unique with your space and rock the world, buddy! As soon as you have the IDEA that takes everyone by its exclusivity and funkiness! Apart from that we will also help you make money by sharing our revenues with you when people click your homepage. The larger the numbers of visitors on your webpage, the more money you get. Our primary affiliates would be the sponsors who would be gaining business through your homepages. For example; if you are slimming center then the hotels and fast food centers that promote healthy living would become sponsors when they advertise in our website. Thus, affiliate marketing would be our major earning

You have 4 choices Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You have 4 choices - Annotated Bibliography Example Many people are suffering because they cannot access medical treatment to curb and maintain the disease because their identity brings conflict. Medical treatment of cancer has become biased since in some instance, it has become difficult to access medical treatment due to their skin color or their economic status. In this piece of literature, the author has described cancer in all its forms. He has also mentioned that cancer is an expensive disease and requires to be maintained. With the lack of finances, many people have been left out of treatment because they cannot afford to pay for chemotherapy and other related methods of treatment. In the United States of America, the racial and ethnic groups who are minorities are the most likely people to die from the development of cancer just because they cannot be able to access medical care and also because they are of a different race. Due to the disparities in cancer treatment and prevention, many people are dying on a daily basis because of their inability to access medical care. Most of the disparities are caused by factors such as low economic class, an individuals’ culture, and the most prevalent is poverty. Nancy E. Adler and Ann E.K. Page, Cancer care for the whole patient : meeting psychosocial health needs / Committee on Psychosocial Services to Cancer Patients/Families in a Community Setting, Board on Health Care Services, Washington, D.C: National Academic Press, 2008. Financial capability when it comes to the medical treatment and prevention of cancer is a factor that is considered by, sadly to say, majority of the facilities that offer cancer treatment. The purpose of the article above is to create awareness and show people that judging a person by their financial status makes the whole idea of treatment wrong. For quite a while, the people who have been regarded as poor have been excluded

COMEDY - INFORMATIVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

COMEDY - INFORMATIVE - Essay Example o involved with the charity, through the earnings made by selling pixels from this website, I would be able to expand the area of social work and contribute to the good cause on an individual basis. As soon as you buy pixels from us and formalities are completed, you would be able to upload your picture within 5 minutes and have your own web space! So there you have the differential element that is not found in the suggested site. We also let you earn by sharing our revenues with you. Yes, I want you all to realize your dreams of becoming a celebrity! With just 10 cents, have your own web-space where you can advertise yourself to the whole wide world. Think unique with your space and rock the world, buddy! As soon as you have the IDEA that takes everyone by its exclusivity and funkiness! Apart from that we will also help you make money by sharing our revenues with you when people click your homepage. The larger the numbers of visitors on your webpage, the more money you get. Our primary affiliates would be the sponsors who would be gaining business through your homepages. For example; if you are slimming center then the hotels and fast food centers that promote healthy living would become sponsors when they advertise in our website. Thus, affiliate marketing would be our major earning

Economic & Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic & Monetary Policy - Essay Example Steel prices have been found to have fallen of a cliff, an indication of weakening demand generally. China’s response had been to try and prop up the economy by a host of measures, including reducing reserve requirements for banks and cutting interest rates in 2014, all moves that no doubt are meant to encourage lending and to spur growth by providing liquidity to the market (Wildau, 2015; Roach, 2014). At the same time, the government has moved to tweak the asset holdings levels of banks in order to allow for banks to shore up its own lending portfolio and allow property developers, ordinary consumers, and a host of government corporations to avail of liquidity to finance purchases and investments, as well as loan repayments. The problem being foreseen is that as the liquidity levels grow, so do pressures on the interest rates downward, and so do the pressures on the currency to devalue, as more liquidity translates to a cheaper currency due to its greater availability. There re concerns that such moves may not work s China intended, because from experience past moves to inject liquidity resulted in the use of such new money to finance activities related to speculating on property and taking bets on the stock market, rather than for the purposes of expanding production and investing in real capital expenditure projects that drive growth in the long term (Deng et al., 2014; The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2014). The opinion from the market is that China should do more to shore up the economy by ensuring a fundamental shift away from a reliance on loans to finance growth, and a reliance on exports, towards making domestic consumption a bigger driver of growth (Reuters, 2015; Bradsher, 2015; Fernald et al., 2014). In Japan the conditions are different from China’s in terms of the problems of the economy and the monetary policies that have been instituted

It Was But A Dream Essay Example for Free

It Was But A Dream Essay From my home country, attending school is a blessing. It is an opportunity given to those who can. Education is a privilege for those who can afford, and a gift to those who cannot. But for a person like me, who somehow found having my nose at a book intriguing, college education was a dream. Living that dream is another wonderful experience all together. Fellow students and teachers became the drawing force of inspiration from deep within. They highlighted that going to school was truly what I wanted. To be constantly surrounded by equally educated individuals continues to tickle the mind. There was just so much to learn. It is not about doing what everybody else does. It is not about having the bragging rights of even attaining an education. It is all about fulfilling what is in my heart. This was my chance to have an education, and as a person of my country, I simply could not back away. Concepts The first step in achieving one’s dreams is to accept all challenges that come along with it. There were times when you would question if this was what you really wanted for yourself. It is not as easy as the fantasies make you believe. It is hard work. But nothing is ever free. Education is earned as much as everything else that we want to have as our own. The next step is to immerse yourself in the pool. Education, I realized, is not just through the books and the professors. Relating with other students gave the textbook definition more in-depth meaning. It gave the whole idea of schooling much deserved essence. Sharing with fellow students what you have learned in class is a simple yet overwhelming experience. In comparison to lower level education, college education is more diverse. Not only are there a wide array of programs and courses to choose from, but there are also a lot of cultures to learn and understand. Moreover, it is advantageous to be able to relate with these cultures. College was that door to go beyond barriers and closed minds. As a person who is of color, this aspect of cultural differences is an important highlight in further enhancing one’s education. Without being able to see beyond the color of one’s skin, one fail to completely learn what is there to learn. Inferences Based on my experiences, not only do I dream to have an education, but it would seem that the underlying objective is to understand and to be understood. College education is not just being able to learn Science, English, Mathematics, or Art. My experiences suggested an even bigger and better package. It is learning all that with fellow students. Professors are also students—in the sense that they learn from their classes as well. According to my perceptions of education, I am an open minded person ever eager to learn more about anything and everything. I have my own field of interest, like any other student, but a student will always give a different idea a chance. Keeping minds closed would be the greatest downfall of a college student. Within me, I will always bring my country. But I share that with other people for them to learn who I am and who my people are. Implications My college experience has been fruitful. It was another beginning to life’s adventures, to learn, to find, and to experience. It was never always an easy task. But at the end of the day, one would find that you gained more than what you gave away. The network of friends, students, and educators helped fulfill a lifelong dream. All the hardships, the challenges, the financial ties were all worth it. Earning my college education was not just a dream I fantasize about as a child and a young adult. It was something I really wanted—that made every challenge seem very minimal. The new ideas and friends made in every class and endeavor might become overwhelming. But I always remember that I feel that way because I learned something new. The challenges tire me, but I always take my victories. Point of View In the end of it all, I believe that everyone truly deserves a college education. A lot of individuals find school too tiring. To them, it would always seem that there is too much to do: too much to read, too much to write, and too much to achieve. Little did they realize that at the end of it all, it is not about having achieved too much. Instead, it is having achieved so much. It is given more than enough effort, more credit, and more attention. That leaves a person worth knowing. As it is said, a person who is education talks very little. There are a lot of other ways to share what you know, and to let people see what you have gained in school. It is unfortunate that more often than not, people fail to realize this reality: college is a life changing experience. It is not just the books, the school hours, the tuition, and fees. It is about keeping the mind active. I believe everyone should experience college. There is much nothing to fear except the belief that you cannot achieve anything. I might not have achieved the greatest of awards, but my college experiences are my life’s best teachers. That is considering that even having a college education is but a dream.

Economies for Native Americans Pre and Post Colonization

Economies for Native Americans Pre and Post Colonization What was the nature of Native American economies prior to European colonization? How did Native Americans impact colonial economies? The Native American communities, prior to the arrival of the colonists were not homogenous, and as such there is no one set of factors that encompassed all of their different societal and economic structures. However there were a few major components which had significant impacts. First, many of the communities lived in densely settled agricultural societies which facilitated a fairly prosperous environment. As Nash points out, evolving from a previously nomadic existence, along with the domestication of plants, allowed for a 1% change of land cultivation to produce â€Å"enormous increase[s] in the food supply† (p 11). These urban centric communities afforded the residents a high standard which were in some places, were quite affluent. This environment also allowed for the division of labor to increase the economic resources, for in addition to agriculture, food gathering, game hunting and fishing were also prevalent. Another component, as verified by archeological evidence, shows us that these various communities traded quite extensively, often creating vast networks linked together via water and in-land routes. One example Nash highlights are the Mound builders of the Ohio River Valley (p 13). Also prevalent, especially in the Iroquois nation, was the communal nature of property. This reciprocal principle allowed for an increased possibility in the accumulation of goods, which when shared, raised the quality of life for the whole group. These factors had a significant impact on the early colonial economies since they allowed the newcomers to benefit from structures already in place. One of the most notable is trade, which in addition to the exchange of food, also included items such as beaver skins and deer hides. Agricultural knowledge added great valued, as the colonists were not familiar with many of the plant varieties available in the New World. At the time, war was a common occurrence and interaction with different Native American groups allowed the colonists to offset some costs. Not quite as well understood, even though we know it existed, was a labor component supplied by the indigenous groups. And lastly the Native Americans had a form of money, â€Å"wampum† which facilitated trade and added to economic system of the new settlers. Who comprised the colonial labor force in the U.S., and what were the most important kinds of work arrangements? According to Hughes and Cain, in the later part of the 18th century, the labor force in the colonies was focused mostly on primary production, which employed approximately nine-tenths of the population (7th edition, p 30-31). The most common occupations were: agriculture, fishing, mining and timbering along with ship building. Yet when broken down by region we can see that artisans made up between one-third and one-half of those employed in the more commercial cities such as Boston, New York, Newport and Philadelphia. Common occupations among these artisans were milling, leather tooling, woodworking, distilling, sugar refining, hat making and spinning (p 30). Even though many occupations were represented, there was a significant lack of available labor. Native American labor was fairly limited, leaving the colonists to supply the larger share. This scarcity was reflected in the early days of the settlements when work was required for all the lower classes, as well as men between 12 and 60, and single women between 12 and 40, (p 42–43). As time progressed and more settlers came over, the labor market segmented into three main categories – free labor, indentured servants and slaves. In the early days, between 1630 and 1776, about one-third to one-half the population came as indentured servants. These were for the most part English nationals although a few Germans migrated as well. These early arrangements for indentured servants were negotiated by the shippers who allowed for free passage, but then sold the work contracts for these individuals on the docks. Prices for these individuals were variable and usually driven by whether they were literate, their age, sex, and occupation. It should also be noted that when the British labor market was in bad shape, there were strong incentives to come to the New World and work as an indenture servant. However, right as the labor conditions started to improve in England, was when the cost of passage across the Atlantic began to decrease. This scenario drove up the cost of indentured labor, making it no longer as attractive, while at the same time made the decreasing cost of slave labor more desirable. Were American colonists economically exploited by the British prior to the American Revolution? As noted in Hughes and Cain, prior to the Revolution, Americans had â€Å"achieved a level of affluence at least as great as their British cousins† with incomes (in 2000 prices) in the range of $3,875 to $7,250 per capita (p 51). In addition they note that Britain was spending considerable sums on military protection and administration for the colonies, as well as carrying a significant trade deficit (p 56). These and other factors give evidence to indicate that on the eve of the Revolution, thanks in part to contributions from the English, Americans were already among the wealthiest citizens in the world. To make the situation even more beneficial to those living in the colonies, almost everyone, even the ‘poor’, had some tangible goods, whether it be land or high wages; a situation almost unheard of in other nations at the time. Contributing to these conditions were England’s mercantilist policies, as prior to the Revolution these regulations casts a shadow on the output and production of the colonies. The British government’s laws regarding trade, specifically the Navigation Acts of 1651, 1660, 1662 1663, prescribed conditions which benefited both England and to a large extent, the colonies themselves. Part of the stipulated requirements were that all trading vessels must carry a crew comprised of three-fourths English or American sailors, all foreign trade must pass through English ports and that certain ‘enumerated goods’ (usually colonial commodities) could only be sold to British buyers. These actions gave the colonists not only privileged access to British markets, but were also in addition to generous subsidies by the English as well. As Hughes and Cain note, these subsidies, tax rebates, tariffs and quotas both protected and encouraged American industries and did so at the expense of other markets (p 69). To try and state empathic whether the American colonists were economically exploited, is impossible as the interactions between the two entities were so interconnected. However, both benefited and made gains from the other, but also chafed at the yearnings for power that each side longed to acquire as they continued to seek economic growth in new markets.

Capital Punishment Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Death Crime Essay

Capital Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taking this course has made me ponder on many issues which I never deemed worthy of my thoughts. I always considered the death penalty one of those things which I never had to concern myself with. First of all I'm not planning to commit any vial crimes, and I don't think anyone I care about has those plans either. Secondly, I've never been conscious or concerned with the likes of criminals. When we began speaking on the subject, I thought we were only going to talk about the institution of racism in capital punishment, and was quite unaware of the feeling this subject would arouse in me. Needless to say, I have formed some opinions on the issue which confused even me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I always considered myself pro-capital punishment. I was of the mind that if someone killed me, I would like my death avenged, but pondering on the issue of cultural differences has made me doubt my prior convictions. First of all, I am against the use of the lethal injection. I understand that it is cleaner, but if the law wants to inflict death as a punishment, it must understand that death is not a pretty thing. Criminals are painlessly put to sleep, and die in the same manner that Dr. Kavorkian's patients choose. Personally, if I was faced with the option of living the remainder of my life in isolation, perpetually haunted by pain and images of terror, I would absolutely chose to die by lethal injection. There is no true punishment in this method, except the fear of going to hell, which I strongly doubt is of much concern to most convicts on death row.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assuming that the judicial processes which convict these individuals are legitimate, the only common bond within this group is that they are all mortal, and hold no respect for human life. These delinquents are on death row, because they have committed a crime of such ghastly proportions, that society has deemed them unfit to live. They deliberately and nonchalantly depraved another human of their life. They emphatically partook in reprehensible malice of inhuman dimensions, never bothered by their conscience. They are sick and vile individuals who do not acknowledge social conventions such as religion and the law. They have broken the law, and in leaving it they removed themselves from the protection of the law. The 8th Amendment should no longer apply to these sick de... ...ideas of hate. Then you burn their faces till they are so ugly to look at that they are ashamed to be alive. Then you castrate them to make sure they can no longer partake in pleasure. In this disheveled state you throw them out to the streets so they can see and hear the pain, agony and injustice that they so freely bestowed on their victims. They will truly suffer for their crimes. They will be the new example for future criminals. No longer will the villain be worshipped by the mass media, or by the youngsters on the streets. The gangster will then cease to exist, and only the mentally retarded will perpetuate their heinous crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Isn't it sad that our situation has become so grave that we must actually look to these alternatives to solve the problem. I think everyone knows that the only way to help ourselves to a better life is through education, but politicians continue to withdraw funding for schools. We are going about the solution in the wrong way. If we teach people to value themselves and accept others, and therefore dissolve economic and class differences, we will truly begin to put an end to crime. Till then we will have to accept our reality.

Covert intervention as a moral problem Essay

The CIA has been greatly involved in the collection of intelligence as well as being engaged in covert action for the benefit of the United States. According to the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act covert action is simply described as a particular â€Å"activity of the government of the United states that is meant to influence, economical, political, or military situations in the world, in that the role of the United States will not be acknowledged by many or publicly.† Under covert action, the exact intentions or the reasons behind the actions are not known by the foreign countries hence secrecy is the main component of covert actions. Covert actions and the role of the CIA Covert actions simply involves activities that include supporting political parties, covert propaganda, private groups, economic operations and even individuals through advice or subsidization with an aim of supporting or overthrowing the existing regime in a foreign country. There is a difference between covert actions and clandestine collection efforts whereby the covert actions are mainly designed for influencing conditions in foreign countries while the clandestine efforts are aimed at providing the intelligence community of the United States with information that can be used in designing the covert actions. The CIA is the body that is responsible for the purpose of obtaining intelligence and providing policymakers with relevant information for the purpose of designing covert actions on foreign countries. Apart from being the provider of the intelligence information to policymakers, the CIA is also the same body that is engaged in carrying out the covert actions as well as advising policymakers with regard to the intelligence they have gathered. The CIA as an intelligence body that is also involved in carrying out the covert action in foreign countries always strives to build and maintain its reputation both in the eyes of the United States citizens and foreign countries. To be able to maintain its reputation and put itself as an agency that is committed to serving the country and its citizens while at the same time promoting international relations, the CIA has to reach a compromise. The protecting the American citizens and the country at large as well as providing information for other foreign countries requires transparency. Under the covert actions and operations, there is a lot of secrecy and the only time information gets to reach the public is when operations have gone sour. This means that the CIA has an interest of protecting itself from critics within the public and avoids blame by the public while at the same time carrying out its operations. The CIA is also closely involved with administration officials and policymakers whereby the intelligence from the CIA is questioned and analyzed by the policymakers when making decisions. However, over the years, the CIA has been faced with the challenge of lack of commitment on the part of the policymakers to take time and read the intelligence provided by the agency. Instead, most policymakers have been keen on intelligence that is related to current risks. The unwillingness or the inability of policymakers to spend a lot of time in analyzing longer-range issues has been a source of frustration. The CIA have the duty to provide intelligence as they receive it and also take part in covert actions as they are assigned hence the need to have a balance between the two. The CIA has to ensure that it provides relevant information to policymakers because in the long run, it is the agency that is always blamed when covert actions to not go as planned. Therefore, the CIA has great interest in the intelligence and the covert actions that they take part in since the agency has to prove its worth and demonstrate that it performs its duties. Being the provider of intelligence and at the same time the user of the intelligence requires a lot of integrity to ensure that there is no biasness whereby the CIA provide information that it is aware will work in its favor. As a way of ensuring that the covert actions that the carry out and get involved in are successful to build their image in the eyes of the public, the CIA may tend to manipulate the information and intelligence they provide to policymakers. It is quite difficult to be certain with the kind of intelligence that the CIA provides to the policymakers as not being biased due to the reason that they are the same users of the information that they have gathered. The CIA as an intelligence agency and one that is held in high reputation would not want the public image that they have built get ruined by the kind of intelligence and covert actions they undertake. Therefore, based on the reason that the CIA is the provider and user of the intelligence they gather as well as the aim of protecting the agency from bad public image and reputation, it can be said that there is a conflict of interest. Furthermore, based on the issue that the intelligence the CIA gathers is provided to policy makers and in most occasions the policymakers do not take their time in reading and analyzing intelligence that is set for longer-use, the CIA has to ensure that the information they provide to the policymakers would not compromise the agency. Therefore, it can also be said that there is conflict of interest whereby the CIA, the provider and user of intelligence, has to ensure that policymakers to not make wrong decisions that will compromise the agency. The CIA also has the mandate of promoting democracy both locally and internationally but this is not the case with the intelligence gathered as well as the covert actions they undertake. There is a lot of secrecy whereby the public is left out on covert actions issues and intelligence hence it can be said that the CIA is practicing double standards. Democracy requires people to be well informed, something that is not the case with regard to the covert actions and intelligence gathered by CIA. Conclusion The CIA has greater duty of protecting the public, the United States government and its interest while at the same time maintaining a reputable public image both locally and internationally. There are times when the CIA has to provide some intelligence in certain situations while at times it has to avoid letting the public know of what is going on based on the reason that the image of the agency may be destroyed in case the covert actions do not go as planned and no positive results achieved. Therefore, the CIA, apart from being an intelligence agency that provides intelligence and gets involved in covert actions, has the duty of protecting itself from the public, both locally and internationally. This could result in biasness in the kind of intelligence that it provides to policymakers as well as how it carries out the covert actions, hence conflict of interest. References Beitz, Charles R. â€Å"Covert intervention as a moral problem.† Ethics & International Affairs 3, no. 1 (1989): 45-60. Berger III, Joseph B. â€Å"Covert Action: Title 10, Title 50, and the Chain of Command.† JFQ: Joint Force Quarterly no. 67 (2012 4th Quarter 2012): 32-39. By Bill Gertz, The Washington Times. â€Å"Military, CIA shun 9/11 panel on covert operations.† Washington Times, The (DC) (September 9, 2011): 1. Regional Business News Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. â€Å"Covert Action in the Cold War: US Policy, Intelligence, and CIA Operations.† Journal of American History 97, no. 4 (2011): 1173-1174. Little, Douglas. â€Å"Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East.† Diplomatic History 28, no. 5 (November 2004): 663-701 Meyer, Joel T. â€Å"Supervising The Pentagon: Covert Action And Traditional Military Activities In The War On Terror.† Administrative Law Review 59, no. 2 (Spring2007 2007): 463-478. Prouty, L. Fletcher. The secret team: the CIA and its allies in control of the United States and the world. Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2011. Source document

Model of Communication Essay

Recently I attended a lecture given by a geriatrician. He was speaking on healthy ageing. Most of the audience consisted of people above the age of fifty years. However there were some youngsters too like me. The appealing fact regarding the entire lecture was that the geriatrician possessed the qualities of a good orator. What is said is not as important as how it is said. All the health related information was given in an easy to understand and interactive manner making the speech structured, intentional yet formal. The audience got bound to be attentive for full one hour due to excellent communication techniques of the speaker. The eye contact of the geriatrician was excellent. His eyes moved in all the directions which kept the audience engaged. He used interesting slides to present his point. The slides did not just contained written words but also lots of pictures and easy to understand graphs. All this made the lecture more interesting. There was a high degree of audience participation as the geriatrician did not just kept on speaking on the topic, rather frequently asked questions. He also scheduled the last fifteen minutes of the lecture for the audience to ask questions or clear their doubts if any. He stood in the middle of the room and his facial expressions, and body language beautifully matched the contents of the message he wanted to convey. He was a lot younger than the majority of the audience attending the lecture but his excellent command on the subject that he was speaking and the matured way in which he was conducting the whole session resulted in a wonderful interactive session. He reworded certain information in order to hold the interest of the few young audience who were present. Thus every element of communication such as the sender, message, medium of communication and the receiver were in perfect synchrony making the lecture a huge success.