Can Providers Education about Postpartum Depression...

Can providers’ education about postpartum depression (PPD) increase the acceptance level of pediatrics medical providers to screen mothers for PPD in a primary care setting? Postpartum depression (PPD) is a range of depressive symptoms that women may experience after giving birth. It’s onset within the first month after birth. Many studies define the â€Å"postpartum period† at a minimum of 3 months up to a year after childbirth (Chaudron, Szilagyi, Campbell, Mounts, McInerny, 2007). Symptoms range in severity and the timing post childbirth, peaking at about six weeks after delivery for major depression and two to three months for minor depression. Women can experience another peak of depressive symptoms 6 months after birth (Earls,†¦show more content†¦Infants can ultimately have developmental delay. Postpartum depression has long term effects on children of depressed mothers. The impact can extend up to puberty. Children will experience feelings of i nsecurity, poor social skills, reduce verbal and cognitive skills (Earls, 2010). Children will end up with more behavioral problems, conduct disorders, depression and anxiety. Timely identification and management of maternal depression is important for the child’s early brain development and school readiness. The negative effects of the long term exposure to maternal depressive symptoms in early childhood is concerning. Early intervention will help both the mother and the child (Horwitz, Briggs-Gowan, Storfer-Isser, Carter, 2009). In the United States, women after childbirth will typically have one postpartum visit with their obstetrician at six weeks while new mothers will see the baby’s pediatrician at least 4-6 times during the first year at the well baby visits. These are good opportunities for the detection of PPD. Mothers may be reluctant to share their feeling with family members or the medical providers secondary to fears of being seen as a â€Å"bad† mother, or being labeled as having a psychiatric problem. Pediatricians have a unique potential to intervene (Horwitz et al., 2007). The US

Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned - 824 Words

Introduction: Tobacco Humans have been using tobacco in one way or the other since ancient times. Use of doesn’t always imply smoking it, but it can be chewed or used in different forms such as Tobacco chewing, dipping tobacco, etc. History: There is no fix time for the start of the use of tobacco in humans but it has been in human use since very ancient times. Locals were using before the arrival of Europeans to Americas. Las Casas brilliantly describes in his journal what the scouts who first went into Cuba on a reconnaissance mission found: men with half-burned wood in their hands and certain herbs to take their smokes, which are some dry herbs put in a certain leaf, also dry, like those the boys make on the day of the Passover of the Holy Ghost; and having lighted one part of it, by the other they suck, absorb, or receive that smoke inside with the breath, by which they become benumbed and almost drunk, and so it is said they do not feel fatigue. These, muskets as we will call them, they call tabacos. I knew Spaniards on this island of Espaà ±ola who were accustomed to take it, and being reprimanded for it, by telling them it was a vice, they replied they were unable to cease using it. I do not know what relish or benefit they found in it. (Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico) Popularity of Tobacco: Tobacco usage increased with the arrival of â€Å"Industrial Revolution†. European settlers and traders and made it popular in Europe and Americas. From Europe itShow MoreRelatedShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1365 Words   |  6 PagesShould Cigarette Smoking be banned? The United States Surgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The nicotineRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1376 Words   |  6 PagesSurgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The ni cotine in cigarettes is very addictive and when smoke containingRead MoreShould cigarette smoking be banned?700 Words   |  3 Pages Should cigarette smoking be banned? Smoking is an expensive habit. People who smoke cigarettes can spend as much as $2,500 a year on them (Singletary). 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Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deathsRead MoreCigarette Smoking Should Not Be Banned1528 Words   |  7 PagesShould cigarette smoking be banned for everyone in the United States? Why? Why not? Should those who chose their time smoking to relieve stress, personal enjoyment, or simply just because, have to lose their right to what makes them happy? Smoking tobacco products has been around for decades and in many different forms. Should personal rights be pushed aside to please those around us that disagree with the so called â€Å"disgusting habit†? In t he paper The Washington Times an article caught my interestRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?925 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Fuentes English 1003 April 22, 2015 Ban smoking in the United States Tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of diseases and premature death in the United States (U.S.), yet more than 45 million Americans still smoke cigarettes. The health threat posed by tobacco has been accepted by scientists since the 17th century. In 1928, studies linked smoking to cancer. In 1964, the first Surgeon General’s report on cigarette smoking summarized the evidence that tobacco poses seriousRead MoreShould Smoking Cigarettes Be Banned?988 Words   |  4 Pages Isabella Zannettino Smoking is an addictive practice which entails inhaling and exhaling smoke from burning tobacco leaves. In the last 15 years extensive research and shocking statistics have demonstrated the adverse effects smoking can have on pregnant mothers and their babies. Currently, smoking cigarettes is the No. 1 cause of adverse outcomes for babies† (WebMed.com, 2013). Banning cigarettes may seem the most effective way of stopping pregnant mothers from smoking; however, doing this wouldRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1137 Words   |  5 PagesBiology 101 Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned? Should there be a ban on cigarette smoking in the United States? Since cigarettes were introduced to Americans, questions have been raised concerning the legality of smoking and if it should be allowed everyone, in public places, or not at all. Recently, with the increase knowledge in cost and healthcare, the controversy with cigarette smoking has significantly risen. Across the country, states have banned smoking in public areas and inside buildingsRead MoreCigarette Smoking Should Be Banned1768 Words   |  8 PagesCigarette Smoking Should be banned in United States Cigarette Smoking should be banned in the United States because it causes significant health problems. Tobacco is responsible for nearly one in five deaths in the whole country; also the smoke contains monoxide that reduces oxygen- carrying ability of red blood cells. The origins of tobacco go way back when; but how it was manufactured is a question asked constantly. How it had started was On November twenty third, 1998, forty-six states, asRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes Should Be Banned927 Words   |  4 Pagestruly is to themselves and the ones around them. How is it so bad for someone who isn’t smoking, but is around a smoker? Why are cigarettes so damaging to a person’s body? Why do some people get so bent out of shape when a person smokes in a public place? What is so wrong with smoking in the car with children? What is so wrong with smoking an electronic cigarette? Smoking cigarettes and electronic cigarettes are very harmful to your body, but when you smoke in a public place or around other people

Literary Forms in Related Literature free essay sample

The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the countrys history. This can best be appreciated in the context of the countrys pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions. The average Filipinos unfamiliarity with his indigenous literature was largely due to what has been impressed upon him: that his country was discovered and, hence, Philippine history started only in 1521. So successful were the efforts of colonialists to blot out the memory of the countrys largely oral past that present-day Filipino writers, artists and journalists are trying to correct this inequity by recognizing the countrys wealth of ethnic traditions and disseminating them in schools and in the mass media. The rousings of nationalistic pride in the 1960s and 1970s also helped bring about this change of attitude among a new breed of Filipinos concerned about the Filipino identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Forms in Related Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pre-Colonial Times Owing to the works of our own archaeologists, ethnologists and anthropologists, we are able to know more and better judge information about our pre-colonial times set against a bulk of material about early Filipinos as recorded by Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and other chroniclers of the past. Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich past through their folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors. The most seminal of these folk speeches is the riddle which is tigmo in Cebuano, bugtong in Tagalog, paktakon in Ilongo and patototdon in Bicol. Central to the riddle is the talinghaga or metaphor because it reveals subtle resemblances between two unlike objects and ones power of observation and wit are put to the test. While some riddles are ingenious, others verge on the obscene or are sex-related: Gaddang: Gongonan nu usin y amam If you pull your daddys penis Maggirawa pay sila y inam. Your mommys vagina, too, (Campana) screams. (Bell) The proverbs or aphorisms express norms or codes of behavior, community beliefs or they instill values by offering nuggets of wisdom in short, rhyming verse. The extended form, tanaga, a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life is more emotionally charged than the terse proverb and thus has affinities with the folk lyric. Some examples are the basahanon or extended didactic sayings from Bukidnon and the daraida and daragilon from Panay. The folk song, a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the peoples lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive as in the childrens songs or Ida-ida(Maguindanao), tulang pambata (Tagalog) or cansiones para abbing (Ibanag). A few examples are the lullabyes or Ili-ili (Ilongo); love songs like the panawagon and balitao (Ilongo); harana or serenade (Cebuano); the bayok (Maranao); the seven-syllable per line poem, ambahan of the Mangyans that are about human relationships, social entertainment and also serve as a tool for teaching the young; work songs that depict the livelihood of the people often sung to go with the movement of workers such as the kalusan (Ivatan), soliranin (Tagalog rowing song) or the mambayu, a Kalinga rice-pounding song; the verbal jousts/games like the duplo popular during wakes. Other folk songs are the drinking songs sung during carousals like the tagay (Cebuano and Waray); dirges and lamentations extolling the deeds of the dead like the kanogon (Cebuano) or the Annako (Bontoc). A type of narrative song or kissa among the Tausug of Mindanao, the parang sabil, uses for its subject matter the exploits of historical and legendary heroes. It tells of a Muslim hero who seeks death at the hands of non-Muslims. The folk narratives, i. e. epics and folk tales are varied, exotic and magical. They explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna and, in the case of legends, an explanation of the origins of things. Fables are about animals and these teach moral lessons. Our countrys epics are considered ethno-epics because unlike, say, Germanys Niebelunginlied, our epics are not national for they are histories of varied groups that consider themselves nations. The epics come in variousnames: Guman (Subanon); Darangen (Maranao); Hudhud (Ifugao); and Ulahingan (Manobo). These epics revolve around supernatural events or heroic deeds and they embody or validate the beliefs and customs and ideals of a community. These are sung or chanted to the accompaniment of indigenous musical instruments and dancing performed during harvests, weddings or funerals by chanters. The chanters who were taught by their ancestors are considered treasures and/or repositories of wisdom in th eir communities. Examples of these epics are the Lam-ang (Ilocano); Hinilawod (Sulod); Kudaman (Palawan); Darangen (Maranao); Ulahingan (Livunganen-Arumanen Manobo); Mangovayt Buhong na Langit (The Maiden of the Buhong Sky from TuwaangManobo); Ag Tobig neg Keboklagan (Subanon); and Tudbulol (Tboli). The Spanish Colonial Tradition While it is true that Spain subjugated the Philippines for more mundane reasons, this former European power contributed much in the shaping and recording of our literature. Religion and institutions that represented European civilization enriched the languages in the lowlands, introduced theater which we would come to know as komedya, the sinakulo, the sarswela, the playlets and the drama. Spain also brought to the country, though at a much later time, liberal ideas and an internationalism that influenced our own Filipino intellectuals and writers for them to understand the meanings of liberty and freedom. Literature in this period may be classified as religious prose and poetry and secular prose and poetry. Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language. Fernando Bagonbantas Salamat nang walang hanga/gracias de sin sempiternas (Unending thanks) is a fine example that is found in the Memorial de la vida cristiana en lengua tagala (Guidelines for the Christian life in the Tagalog language) published in 1605. Another form of religious lyrics are the meditative verses like the dalit appended to novenas and catechisms. It has no fixed meter nor rime scheme although a number are written in octosyllabic quatrains and have a solemn tone and spiritual subject matter. But among the religious poetry of the day, it is the pasyon in octosyllabic quintillas that became entrenched in the Filipinos commemoration of Christs agony and resurrection at Calvary. Gaspar Aquino de Belens Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon natin na tola (Holy Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Verse) put out in 1704 is the countrys earliest known pasyon. Other known pasyons chanted during the Lenten season are in Ilocano, Pangasinan, Ibanag, Cebuano, Bicol, Ilongo and Waray. Aside from religious poetry, there were various kinds of prose narratives written to prescribe proper decorum. Like the pasyon, these prose narratives were also used for proselitization. Some forms are: dialogo(dialogue), Manual de Urbanidad (conduct book); ejemplo (exemplum) and tratado (tratado). The most well-known are Modesto de Castros Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at si Feliza (Correspondence between the Two Maidens Urbana and Feliza) in 1864 and Joaquin Tuasons Ang Bagong Robinson (The New Robinson) in 1879, an adaptation of Daniel Defoes novel. Secular works appeared alongside historical and economic changes, the emergence of an opulent class and the middle class who could avail of a European education. This Filipino elite could now read printed works that used to be the exclusive domain of the missionaries. The most notable of the secular lyrics followed the conventions of a romantic tradition: the languishing but loyal lover, the elusive, often heartless beloved, the rival. The leading poets were Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Sisiw) and Francisco Balagtas. Some secular poets who wrote in this same tradition were Leona Florentino, Jacinto Kawili, Isabelo de los Reyes and Rafael Gandioco. Another popular secular poetry is the metrical romance, the awit and korido in Tagalog. The awit is set in dodecasyllabic quatrains while the korido is in octosyllabic quatrains. These are colorful tales of chivalry from European sources made for singing and chanting such as Gonzalo de Cordoba (Gonzalo of Cordoba) and Ibong Adarna (Adarna Bird). There are numerous metrical romances in Tagalog, Bicol, Ilongo, Pampango, Ilocano and in Pangasinan. The awit as a popular poetic genre reached new heights in Balagtas Florante at Laura (ca. 1838-1861), the most famous of the countrys metrical romances. Again, the winds of change began to blow in 19th century Philippines. Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called ilustrados began to write about the downside of colonization. This, coupled with the simmering calls for reforms by the masses gathered a formidable force of writers like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Emilio Jacinto and Andres Bonifacio. This led to the formation of the Propaganda Movement where prose works such as the political essays and Rizals two political novels, Noli Me Tangere and the El filibusterismo helped usher in the Philippine revolution resulting in the downfall of the Spanish regime, and, at the same time planted the seeds of a national consciousness among Filipinos. But if Rizals novels are political, the novel Ninay (1885) by Pedro Paterno is largely cultural and is considered the first Filipino novel. Although Paternos Ninay gave impetus to other novelists like Jesus Balmori and Antonio M. Abad to continue writing in Spanish, this did not flourish. Other Filipino writers published the essay and short fiction in Spanish in La Vanguardia, El Debate, Renacimiento Filipino, and Nueva Era. The more notable essayists and fictionists were Claro M. Recto, Teodoro M. Kalaw, Epifanio de los Reyes, Vicente Sotto, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Rafael Palma, Enrique Laygo (Caretas or Masks, 1925) and Balmori who mastered the prosa romantica or romantic prose. But the introduction of English as medium of instruction in the Philippines hastened the demise of Spanish so that by the 1930s, English writing had overtaken Spanish writing. During the languages death throes, however, writing in the romantic tradition, from the awit and korido, would continue in the novels of Magdalena Jalandoni. But patriotic writing continued under the new colonialists. These appeared in the vernacular poems and modern adaptations of works during the Spanish period and which further maintained the Spanish tradition. The American Colonial Period A new set of colonizers brought about new changes in Philippine literature. New literary forms such as free verse [in poetry], the modern short story and the critical essay were introduced. American influence was deeply entrenched with the firm establishment of English as the medium of instruction in all schools and with literary modernism that highlighted the writers individuality and cultivated consciousness of craft, sometimes at the expense of social consciousness. The poet, and later, National Artist for Literature, Jose Garcia Villa used free verse and espoused the dictum, Art for arts sake to the chagrin of other writers more concerned with the utilitarian aspect of literature. Another maverick in poetry who used free verse and talked about illicit love in her poetry was Angela Manalang Gloria, a woman poet described as ahead of her time. Despite the threat of censorship by the new dispensation, more writers turned up seditious works and popular writing in the native languages bloomed through the weekly outlets like Liwayway and Bisaya. The Balagtas tradition persisted until the poet Alejandro G. Abadilla advocated modernism in poetry. Abadilla later influenced young poets who wrote modern verses in the 1960s such as Virgilio S. Almario, Pedro I. Ricarte and Rolando S. Tinio. While the early Filipino poets grappled with the verities of the new language, Filipinos seemed to have taken easily to the modern short story as published in the Philippines Free Press, the College Folio andPhilippines Herald. Paz Marquez Benitezs Dead Stars published in 1925 was the first successful short story in English written by a Filipino. Later on, Arturo B. Rotor and Manuel E. Arguilla showed exceptional skills with the short story. Alongside this development, writers in the vernaculars continued to write in the provinces. Others like Lope K. Santos, Valeriano Hernandez Pena and Patricio Mariano were writing minimal narratives similar to the early Tagalog short fiction called dali or pasingaw (sketch). The romantic tradition was fused with American pop culture or European influences in the adaptations of Edgar Rice Burroughs Tarzan by F. P. Boquecosa who also penned Ang Palad ni Pepe after Charles Dickens David Copperfield even as the realist tradition was kept alive in the novels by Lope K. Santos and Faustino Aguilar, among others. It should be noted that if there was a dearth of the Filipino novel in English, the novel in the vernaculars continued to be written and serialized in weekly magazines like Liwayway, Bisaya, Hiligaynon and Bannawag. The essay in English became a potent medium from the 1920s to the present. Some leading essayists were journalists like Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge Bocobo, Pura Santillan Castrence, etc. who wrote formal to humorous to informal essays for the delectation by Filipinos. Among those who wrote criticism developed during the American period were Ignacio Manlapaz, Leopoldo Yabes and I. V. Mallari. But it was Salvador P. Lopezs criticism that grabbed attention when he won the Commonwealth Literay Award for the essay in 1940 with his Literature and Society. This essay posited that art must have substance and that Villas adherence to Art for Arts Sake is decadent. The last throes of American colonialism saw the flourishing of Philippine literature in English at the same time, with the introduction of the New Critical aesthetics, made writers pay close attention to craft and indirectly engendered a disparaging attitude towards vernacular writings a tension that would recur in the contemporary period. The Contemporary Period The flowering of Philippine literature in the various languages continue especially with the appearance of new publications after the Martial Law years and the resurgence of committed literature in the 1960s and the 1970s. Filipino writers continue to write poetry, short stories, novellas, novels and essays whether these are socially committed, gender/ethnic related or are personal in intention or not. Of course the Filipino writer has become more conscious of his art with the proliferation of writers workshops here and abroad and the bulk of literature available to him via the mass media including the internet. The various literary awards such as the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, the Philippines Free Press, Philippine Graphic, Home Life and Panorama literary awards encourage him to compete with his peers and hope that his creative efforts will be rewarded in the long run. With the new requirement by the Commission on Higher Education of teaching of Philippine Literature in all tertiary schools in the country emphasizing the teaching of the vernacular literature or literatures of the regions, the audience for Filipino writers is virtually assured. And, perhaps, a national literature finding its niche among the literatures of the world will not be far behind.

Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essay Example

Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essay Road sector constitutes a significant portion of substructure in India.An efficient route web is necessary for the state like India for national integrating and economic development. Road is the primary mean of transit which helps us in linking to different cities.Roads portion a large portion of transit of goods and services. India has a huge web of 3.3 million kilometer which is the 2nd largest route web in universe. Roadss involve in transporting approximately 61 % frieght and 85 % of the rider traffic. We will write a custom essay sample on Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 66000 kilometer of main roads and freewaies carry about 40 % of route traffic. The authorities of India takes enterprises in the development of roads nad spends about about Rs.18000 crores ( US $ 4 billion ) . Roadss in Ranchi Ranchi is connected with 2 National Highways ( NH-23 A ; NH- 33 ) which cross it and NH-75 originates here. Lots of rural and urban route development procedures are traveling on in Ranchi with the aid of province authorities.Recently the province authorities with the support of NHDC has constituted a program to spread out the route connectivity of different territory central office to this capital metropolis with 4-lane main roads of international criterions. There are no local coach services available in Ranchi. For transposing from one topographic point to another 1 can engage or portion an Auto Rickshaw and taxis are besides available. Cycle jinrikisha are a more common manner to go for short distances. The metropolis has one State Bus Terminus where coachs are available for going to Bokaro steel metropolis, Jamshedpur, Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur, Alipurduar, Siliguri, Kolkata and Rourkela. The State Bus Terminus is located near the Ranchi Railway station.There are besides buses available for Kolkata, Banaras, Rourkela and metropoliss of other eastern provinces. Ratu Road is another Private Bus Terminus where coachs are available for finishs in Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa and Chhattisgarh. There has been a considerable development in Ranchi along the major regional linkages in a radial form in the yesteryear. Besides there has been a applaudable attempt in the recent old ages to better the pavement conditions of major roads and roads under Ranchi Municiple Corporation. The primary concern in is decongestion, Mass theodolite system, betterment of the traffic velocity, betterment of route gears, canalisation of traffic, traffic subject, to provide to the ever-increasing figure of vehicles in the metropolis, which is projected to be doubled by the following 5 old ages. Regional linkages Ranchi is good linked to other parts of the province and India, by Road, Rail A ; Air. NH-23 connects the metropolis in south-western way to Chattisgarh. NH-33 which passes through Ranchi metropolis, linking in north to Hazaribagh, Dhanbad and farther to UP and Delhi, in south-east to Jamshedpur, Orissa A ; Kolkata. NH-75 connects the metropolis in West to the western portion of the province and farther to Bombay. Road Network in the metropolis Ranchi has developed well along with all major roads and other regional linkages in the past old ages. The commercial activity preponderantly have developed along the north-south Main Road which is the major arteria of the metropolis, get downing at the Upper Bazar at north-west, Administrative offices at north, Commercial Centres along the cardinal spinal column, Administrative office at the South A ; south-east, climaxing to self sufficient Industrial Area ( HEC, HSL ) at the south-west terminal as seen on the Proposed Master Plan of Ranchi -1983, by Ranchi Ruaral Development Authority ( RRDA ) . A Traffic Volume Count Survey has been conducted in the metropolis in different locations to understand the Characteristics of the traffic at critical locations. Understanding of land usage and route denseness is really necessary to take farther stairss towards development. It helps us in happening out the chief jobs and troubles which common people is enduring from this heavy traffic movemnt and their congestion.The traffic velocity on the Main Road is really slow peculiarly during the peak hours as per the study. The breadth of the chief arteria and roads in the metropolis is 10 to 25 metres and the breadth of other major roads is 5 to 10 metres. The country of the metropolis is 173 Sq.Km, and in 1981 the route length per 1000 population in Ranchi was 0.26 kilometer merely and the route length per 100 sq. kilometer. of country it is 72.53 Kms. Till 2008 Ranchi has sum of 569 Km route length. The 14 roads identified as chief traffic transporting corridors by PWD has a entire length of 94 Km, construct amp ; maintained by PWD. The remainder 475 kilometer roads constitute the sub-arterial and colony roads, construct amp ; maintained by RMC. The entire 470km roads maintained by RMC constitute of 346 kilometers roads as pucca roads, Out of which 32 kilometer WBM, 62 kilometers are bituminous A ; 252 kilometers are concrete top. 124 km roads are kuccha building, out of which merely 29 kilometers are motor able and 90 kilometers are non-motorable. Types of Roads History for ( in % ) Pucca with WBM 7 Pucca Bituminous 13 Pucca concrete 55 Kuchcha Motorable 6 Kuchcha Non-motorable 19 From above pie chart it can be derived as: Largely the roads in Ranchi are formed of concrete and are for good constructed. About 75 % of roads are in good status and are distributed as pucca concrete, pucca Bituminous, pucca with WBM. Remaning 25 % of route is referred as kuccha roads which is separated as motorable and non- motorable. Major Roadss in Ranchi H.B. Road ( Hazaribagh Road ) Old H.B Road Round Road Mahatma Gandhi /Main Road Purulia Road Kankee Road Ratu Road Indrapuri Road Bariatu Road HEC Ratu Bypass Road Club Road Church Road Major Intersections in Ranchi Kutchery Firayalal ( Albert Ekka ) Medical ( RMCH ) Kokar Lalpur Karamtoli Kantatoli Booty More BIT More Birsa Chowk Pandra Piska more Dangratoli Chowk Argora Sahjanand Chowk Harmu Bypass Hinoo more Doranda Russian Hotel Dhurwa Chandni Chowk Bus Terminus in Ranchi Birsa Bus Terminus ( Khadgada ) Ratu Road Bus Stand State Transport Bus Terminal ( Overbridge ) Major corridors of the metropolis: S.No. From To Length ( in kilometer ) 1. Firayalal Chowk Shaheed Chowk 0.3 2. Firayalal Chowk Kantatoli Chowk 3 3. Firayalal Chowk Rajendra Chowk 4.2 4. Railway Station Kantatoli Chowk 2.7 5. Railway Station Argora Chowk 3.6 6. Rajendra Chowk Namkum Chowk 5.6 7. Rajendra Chowk Birsa Chowk 3.2 8. Birsa Chowk Hatia 5.7 9. Birsa Chowk Tipudana 7.4 10. Birsa Chowk Argora Chowk 3.4 11. Argora Chowk Ratu Road 4.5 12 Piska More Lalgutua 5 13. Piska More Lohardaga Road 6 14. Piska More Ratu Road 2 15. Shaheed Chowk Kachahri 1.2 16. Shaheed Chowk Ratu Road 1.4 17. Kachahri Karam Toli 1.2 18. Kachahri Ratu Road 1 19. Karam Toli Booty More 6.3 20. Booty More Kantatoli Chowk 5.4 21. Kantatoli Chowk Namkum Chowk 5.8 Entire 78.9 Condition of Roads in Ranchi Though the chief streets of the metropolis are in satisfactory status as the broadening and strengthening of these roads has been done late, the absence of other substructure viz. pathwaies, route marker, rotary, inveighing etc. leads to decrease in traffic velocity. Merely 50 % of major roads have drainage construct along the sides. The inside settlement roads have chuckholes and without proper drainage system along the sides. The kuccha roads on the peripheries are in a really bad province. Growth of vehicles in Ranchi In twelvemonth 1990-2001, the figure of auto-rickshaws is 19.15 per 1000 population, while rhythm jinrikishas are recorded as 23.5 per 1000 population. In the twelvemonth 2008 the figure of car jinrikisha is 26.15 per 1000 population. The enrollment records of the Regional Transport Authority, Ranchi indicate that the enrollment of motorised vehicles, both public and private has increased by 224 % between 1990-01 and 2001-2008 due to big industrial growing in this period, nevertheless the growing has reduced to 63 % between 1990-91 to 2000-01, farther it is expected to turn at non less than 100 % boulder clay 2021. The metropolis shows an increasing tendency in the usage of two-wheelers like scooters, bikes and mopeds etc. The metropolis s transit demand is mostly met by the undermentioned manners of conveyance. Traffic Flows and Travel Demand Major transit issue faced is the legion commuters acquiring into the Central Business District ( CBD ) country from its environing through a high capacity radial web into the dense nucleus country, which is unable to accept the inflow of these flows taking to traffic bottlenecks. Top out hr flows on major traffic corridors is more than 8000 rider auto units ( PCUs ) , farther due to assorted traffic conditions and deficiency of subject, the lane capacity is well reduced. The extremum travel ( traffic ) clip as derived from traffic volumes counts on major roads and supplemented by the available primary informations for different of import traffic corridors is 10-11 AM and 5-6 PM. Peak Hours Traffic Data on Major Roads / Intersections S.No. JUNCTION ROAD Peak hour. In PCU s In Nos. 1 Argora Chowk Dibdih 1000-1100 1705 1912 2 Argora Chowk Old Argora Chowk 1400-1500 2683 3386 3 Argora Chowk Harmu 1800-1900 10595 6624 4 Argora Chowk Ashoka Nagar 1400-1500 217 3166 5 Birsa Chowk HEC 1700-1800 3761 3677 6 Birsa Chowk Hatia 1800-1900 3179 2412 7 Birsa Chowk Hinoo 1800-1900 3193 4550 8 Booti More Bariyatu 1800-1900 2792 1433 9 Booti More BIT Road 1300-1400 4450 2634 10 Booti More Kokar 1700-1800 5013 2822 11 Firayalal Chowk Shaheed Chowk 1400-1500 3859 3608 12 Firayalal Chowk Link tank route 1800-1900 3917 3886 13 Firayalal Chowk Lalpur Chowk 0900-1000 8199 8334 14 Firayalal Chowk Main Road 1400-1500 7690 6391 15 Kantatoli Chowk Dangratoli Chowk 1400-1500 6589 5128 16 Kantatoli Chowk H.B Road 1300-1400 3118 2770 17 Kantatoli Chowk Tata Road 1100-1200 3986 1559 18 Kantatoli Chowk Bahu Bazar 1100-1200 3017 3613 19 Kantatoli Chowk Firayalal Chowk 0900-1000 2737 2782 20 Kantatoli Chowk Mission Chowk 1400-1500 1532 1215 21 Kantatoli Chowk Sujata Chowk 1300-1400 2909 2988 22 Karam Toli Chowk Sainik theatre 0900-1000 1353 1432 23 Karam Toli Chowk Tagore hill 0800-0900 2072 2079 24 Karam Toli Chowk Bariyatu 1000-1100 2263 2246 25 Karam Toli Chowk Aadiwasi hostel 0800-0900 2585 2545 26 Kachahri Chowk Ratu Road 0900-1000 4269 3661 27 Kachahri Chowk Radium Road 1700-1800 2071 2170 28 Kachahri Chowk Lalpur Chowk 2100-2200 6233 1830 29 Kachahri Chowk Shaheed Chowk 1100-1200 3839 1817 30 Namkum Chowk Ranchi 1400-1500 2364 1558 31 Namkum Chowk Ghagra 0800-0900 1706 1368 32 Namkum Chowk Tata route 1800-1900 2237 1785 33 Piska More Ratu 0800-0900 3751 2851 34 Piska More Pandra 1700-1800 2883 3148 35 Piska More ITI route 0800-0900 2383 1478 36 Railway Station Bus Stand 0900-1000 3000 2804 37 Railway Station Bahu Bazar 1000-1100 2389 2452 38 Railway Station Railway Station 0900-1000 2479 2486 39 Railway Station Over Bridge 1600-1700 763 716 40 Rajendra Chowk Nibarampur 1200-1300 2692 1505 41 Rajendra Chowk Doranda 0900-1000 4375 3124 42 Rajendra Chowk Hinoo 1700-1800 3062 3131 43 Rajendra Chowk Over span 0800-0900 2778 1817 44 Ratu route Chowk Piska 1100-1200 4097 3495 45 Ratu route Chowk Raj Bhavan 1000-1100 1578 2000 46 Ratu route Chowk Kachahri 0800-0900 5089 4053 47 Ratu route Chowk Harmu 1000-1100 2384 2478 48 Shaheed Chowk Kachahri 1600-1700 1418 1458 49 Shaheed Chowk Firayalal 1000-1100 5228 5194 50 Shaheed Chowk Pustak 0800-0900 2204 1881 51 Shaheed Chowk Kotwali 1000-1100 2119 2228 Significant external-to-external flows across the nucleus country are prevalent in the metropolis in absence of by-pass roads. This has resulted in the decrease of mean velocities of the vehicles. The present mean velocity is merely approximately 10 kilometers per hr during extremum hours, and it is still likely to cut down if there is no betterment in the state of affairs. Important Land Marks Albert Ekka Chowk Shaheed Chowk Argora Chowk Harmoo Chowk Booty More Kanta Toli Chowk Over Bridge, Nibaranpur Over Bridge, Kadru Rly Over Pass, BM Rajpath, Dibdih Boubazar Chowk Club Chowk Vivekanand Chowk Rajendra Chowk Birsa Chowk HEC Golchakker Dhurwa more Morabadi Maidan Hinoo Chowk AG More Kutchery Chowk Ratan Talking pictures Fun Castle ( Ratu ) Hesag Karamtoli Chowk Chiraundi Lalpur Chowk Namkum Chowk ( Army Base ) Kali Nagar ( Tea Garden, Namkum ) Sadabahar Chowk Kokar Chowk Hatia Ranchi Express ( Upper Bazar ) Chandni Chowk ( Kanke Road ) Gandhi Nagar ( Kanke Road ) Jawahar Nagar ( Kanke Road ) Karbala Chowk ( Church route ) Bariatu Chowk Ratu park Piska More Ratu Road Daily Trip, Composition Sing the entire trips generated in the Ranchi metropolis it can be stated that approximately two trips per individual are made day-to-day that is one unit of ammunition trip per individual per twenty-four hours. At the metropolis degree, day-to-day trip rate per house clasp in Ranchi metropolis is about 10.35 and mean day-to-day trip rate per individual ( PCTR ) is about 2.25 which include trips undertaken by walking. Average Daily Trip Rate per Person and per Family Average Daily Trip Rate Work Education Others Total Per Person 0.73 0.92 0.60 2.25 Per Household 3.42 4.16 2.77 10.35 In the metropolis, the work and instruction trips together account for approximately 73 % of the entire day-to-day trips while the remainder of the trips are made for other intents like shopping, diversion, societal and medical intents. A big proportion of the day-to-day trips autumn in the instruction class. The distribution of the trips by intent is closely linked with the employment position and the age construction of the population. . Majority of low income group individuals in Ranchi either walk or usage rhythms, for which they do non hold to pay. In Ranchi about 30 per cent of the entire demand is met by travel on pes, 24 per cent by twowheelers, 12 per cent by rhythms and office/ factory/ school coachs besides play an of import function by transporting 12 per cent of the day-to-day riders. Model split in Ranchi Types of Vehicles Entire in no. Entire in % Bullock Cart 1722 2 Two Wheeler 39310 26 Three Wheeler/Auto Rickshaw 21962 15 Car/Jeep/Van/Taxi 25398 17 Buss 4982 3 LCV 8056 6 Trucks 3350 3 Cycle 20375 14 Cycle Rickshaw 20528 14 From the above theoretical account split of vehicles in Ranchi followerss can be derived: 28 % of the traffic constitutes of bullock cart, rhythm, rhythm jinrikishas.So chiefly the parity theodolite manners are used by the populace for motion from one topographic point to another. It creates job for the motion of heavy vehicles in the roads as the velocity of the traffic motion lessenings and therefore it reduces the efficiency of the route conveyance in the metropolis. Merely 12 % heavy vehicles are runing in the metropolis. Lesser figure of Bus / Minibus ( i.e. Mass Transit System ) are used for transit and besides trucks which are used for the logistics motion counts less in figure. Due to non-availability and inefficiency of MTS and inconvenient Public Transport, there is increased figure of two Wheelers in the metropolis. 41 % of the entire vehicle count is occupied by two-three Wheelers which increases the pollution degree and increased traffic undiscipline on roads. Car/Jeep/Taxis/Van are besides used as the transit medium by the public.It histories for 17 % of the entire traffic motion in the metropolis. Recent Developments of Roads in Ranchi Consideration of Ranchi Ring Road ( RRR ) It has been proposed by the Ranchi municipal corporation to keep good substructure installations at Ranchi.For this thing Ranchii authorities has identified some major roads development in the city.The status of the roads in Ranchi is non good and roads are really efficient and largely are individual laned. So it increases the traffic congestion at chief topographic points in the markets and therefore reduces the traffic motion from one topographic point to another. The Ranchi municipal corporation proposes to develop a to the full modern system for safe and efficient motion of traffic. As a first measure, it is decided to take up the development of Ranchi Ring Road. This will be a 85 Km long six lane dual carriageway installation running along the suburb s of Ranchi and supplying bye-pass installations to National Highways, State Highways, other roads, soon running through the Ranchi City. The chief roads emanating from Ranchi metropolis are: Ranchi Ramgarh Hazaribagh ( NH33 ) Ranchi Purulia Ranchi Jamshedpur ( NH33 ) Ranchi Chaibasa Tata Nagar Ranchi Lodhma Kera Rourkela Ranchi Gumla Rourkela ( NH23 ) Ranchi Daltenganj ( NH75 ) and Ranchi Pithauria Patratu The strength of traffic on these roads has increased manifolds doing considerable hold in travel clip and incommodiousness to the intercity traffic. In the first phase, the province authorities would set about the building work of linking the province capital s outskirts Kathi Tand ( near Ratu on Ranchi-Daltonganj main road ) and Karma ( on Ranchi-Ramgarh route ) . It would assist cut down the force per unit area of heavy vehicles on the streets of the province capital. To enable congestion free intra-city traffic motion, supply unhampered motion to the traffic destined to other Stationss, aid in making pollution free environments and supply chief entree to Greater Ranchi, there is an pressing demand to develop this Ranchi Ring Road along the urban fringe of metropolis in the first phase.This besides forms portion of the State Government s policy of harmonizing precedence for the development and betterment of the conveyance sector in the province. In the original specifications, two overpasss were proposed at Kathi Tand ( which comes under NH-75 on Ranchi-Daltonganj stretch ) and at Karma ( NH-33 ) . The province authorities can set about the overpass undertaking merely after acquiring clearance from the Union ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Seven class separated intersections by manner of 6 overpasss and one elevated cross route have been proposed at the undermentioned intersections: 1. Section I Vikas on NH 33 ( Flyover ) 2. Section II Tati silwai on SH ( Flyover ) 3. Section III Rampur on NH 33 ( Flyover ) 4. Section IV Tipudana on SH ( Flyover ) 5. Section V Lalgutua on NH-23 ( Flyover ) 6. Section VI Kathiatar on NH-75 ( Elevated Cross Road ) 7. Section VII Kanke Pithauria Road ( Flyover ) 16 Underpasss have been proposed beneath a class separated construction to transport one or more watercourse of traffic. There are 2, 7, 1, 1, 0, 0, and 5 subwaies for Section I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII severally. Road Rail Crossings: As per the demand of the employer, route over Bridgess ( ROBs ) on two railroad crossings in Section II and one in Section IV have been provided. Similarly one route under span on Railway traversing in Section V has been proposed in position of railroad line running on high embankments. Issues a. The demand for urban conveyance in Ranchi metropolis is projected to be about dual by the twelvemonth 2011. B. Lack of Mass Transit System. Cycle-rickshaws and auto-rickshaws are therefore the prevailing manners of public conveyance. The entire portion of public conveyance is 0 % against the lower limit desired 80 % portion for Ranchi, as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban Development, GoI in 1988. This is desired for effectual traffic direction. c.Two-wheelers like scooter, bike and moped are the most widely used individualized manner of conveyance, which increase the traffic denseness on the roads and due to high maneuverability they add to indiscipline amp ; occasional the traffic blockages / jams. d. The present public conveyance ( IPTs ) is found to be unequal and disappointing chiefly due to their high cost, hapless service, uncomfortableness caused by over embarkation, slow velocity, pollution and indiscriminate arrests to function passengers.. e. The velocity of the traffic on most of the inner-city roads is governed by the velocity of the jinrikisha ensuing in congestion and really low mean journey velocities, every bit low as 10 kmph. f. Considerable holds at intersections due to non-standard constellations, and increased struggles. g. Indiscriminate parking by dwellers and general deficit of parking infinites. h. Increasing volumes of three wheeled car jinrikishas making extra jobs due to their maneuverability, Road Safety A ; Congestion i. Pathway Most of roads inside the metropolis have no defined pathwaies. In most of the instances the route heart terminates suddenly to Earth, someplace to constructed shoulder. In countries such as chief roads with commercial constitutions the route heart is continued to the next stores or boundary. The building of concrete paving by single store proprietors are witnessed on secondary roads. two. Road Side Railing A ; Curb Stones The route side railings spliting the route from pathwaies and service lanes is virtually absent in the full metropolis. One can come in the route at any point straight from the store, abode or other constitutions. The deficiency of kerb rocks and deficiency of raised sideways or pathway along the roads, consequences in use of full right of manner by traffic motion, and the unguided prosaic therefore ends up devouring infinite on the route three. Divider, Railing A few of Arteries in the metropolis are provided with splitter, the Main Road go throughing through the commercial hub of the metropolis is provided with splitter with inveighing over it, but due to legion punctures in to the railing, prosaic can be found traversing the route virtually at any location. four. Para Transit Auto Stops It is a general pattern in the metropolis to park the lone bing public conveyance manner, the cars on the route, really near to the intersections. This consequences in decrease of effectual clear route breadth at the intersections, therefore join forcesing to the traffic congestion at the intersection. v. Road Painting A ; Zebra Crossing Except chief arterias all other roads have no route line picture. The defined Zebra crossing even at signalized intersections are losing, ensuing in unguided crossing walker, the absence of arrest line at intersections once more provide purchase to go against traffic regulations. six. Signalization The signalized intersections in the metropolis are really rare. A few of the intersections have manned traffic monitoring, which raise serious concern over the safety of the traffic constabulary, standing at center of the traffic, unprotected and without any base. A really few of the intersections have signal visible radiations with timer show, which is a must in such instance of heterogenous traffic. The queuing witnessed at the peak times at the Main Road in the chief market has been about 20 autos in a row. The manned intersections rhythm clip varies from 15 sec. to 4 min. seven. Traffic Jam, Congestion A ; Traffic velocity The traffic jam witnessed at the extremum hours in the commercial hubs were chiefly due to unorganised and hap risky motion of jinrikisha A ; other vehicles at the intersections, where everybody is caught at the Centre with no infinite to maneuver the vehicle to do infinite to unclutter the jam. The weaving of jinrikisha, heterogenous traffic, traffic regulation misdemeanor, bottlenecks all such issues result in congestion and deceleration of the traffic. Bottle cervixs As per the reconnaissance study of the metropolis by experts, the identified bottle cervixs in the metropolis preponderantly lies in the Station country ( Railway Station and Birsa Munda coach base ) , Main market are ( Main Road ) , Sweeping market ( Upper Bazar ) . The primary causes of such constrictions are as follows: a. Varying carriageway of roads in the Main market country, lesser transporting capacity ( two lane route with heterogenous traffic ) in Upper Bazar. b. Invasion by the retail stores along the streets, by puting billboards, containers A ; show in the full metropolis is prevailing and constitutes to the traffic congestion. c. Unauthorized parking along the roads is another ground for decrease of effectual route breadth curtailing the smooth traffic flow. d. Almost all the intersection inside the metropolis are flanked with Auto ( metropolis conveyance ) , sellers right at the intersection and really near to the intersection. e. Due to the absence of clear and defined prosaic waies along the chief streets, the prosaic tend to utilize about one full lane for transposing. Institutional Duty Multiple bureaus are involved in back uping and easing traffic and transit mechanism in Ranchi. Provision of route substructure is done by RMC, PWD A ; NHAI. The traffic ordinance has been the duty of the traffic constabulary section. No individual bureau is entirely responsible and accountable for traffic and conveyance direction. This is giving rise to overlapping of maps and spacial and functional atomization Schemes a. Encouraging displacement towards a Mass Transit System and minimising the usage of individualized vehicles. For case, as per the modal split degrees recommended by the Central Institute of Road Research, 30 % to 40 % of the riders trips should be carried by mass theodolite ( coach ) in medium size metropoliss holding population between 1 and 2 million. Ranchi metropolis requires a wise combination of coach service and IPT service for minimising the usage of individualized manners B. High capacity coach service to link major establishment, infirmaries capital metropolis, station, airdrome and industrial country. c. Options for Mass Transit System for the Ranchi City like Mini Bus shuttle service for thoroughfare traffic as immediate step. d. Improvement of all major arterias, i.e. widening A ; strengthening of paving building of pathwaies, railings, street lamps, drainage, average, shoulder, route picture, route signage, beef uping of culverts etc as applicable. e. Proper geometric design of rotary and island at Intersections. Based on traffic volume and infinite handiness integrating signalisation, zebra crossing. f. Provision of automatic signal system, based on traffic volume where is infinite is a restraint for big size traffic circle. Cycle clip of traffic visible radiations to be fixed utilizing computing machine simulation with regard to traffic velocity, flow and line uping length. g. Identifying Missing Linkss: A Inner Ring Road to be built by building a new route links between Kanke Road to Ratu Road farther to Argora Chowk, another route nexus between Hinoo Chowk to Namkum Chowk. h. Road infinite direction by curtailing usage of route infinite by heavy vehicles and private motor autos in engorged cardinal countries during haste hours. I. Supplying authorised parking infinites at high demand countries in order to cut down invasion on roads by unauthorised parking. J. Facilitating smooth flow of traffic through steps such as traffic signals and marks, one-way streets and velocity control with accent on enforcement of traffic ordinances. k. Road safety and pollution control checks including the review of fittingness of vehicles every bit good as preparation and testing of the IPT drivers. l. Providing installations for prosaic and rhythm travel is a must for Ranchi metropolis. These manners of travel are cost-efficient, do non necessitate fuel and make non take to air or noise pollution. MAP OF RANCHI SHOWING THE ROADS AND ITS CONNECTIVITY Road Network Map of Ranchi