Intel Code of Conduct

Intel Code of Conduct INTEL CODE OF CONDUCT MAY 2, 2007 Our Mission Delight our clients, representatives, and investors by tenaciously conveying stage and innovation headways that become fundamental to the manner in which we work and live. Our Values Customer Orientation We Strive To: †¢ Listen and react to our clients, providers and partners †¢ Clearly impart common aims and desires †¢ Deliver inventive and serious items and administrations †¢ Make it simple to work with us †¢ Excel at client satisfactionRisk Taking We Strive To: †¢ Foster advancement and innovative reasoning †¢ Embrace change and rock the boat †¢ Listen to all thoughts and perspectives †¢ Learn from our victories and mix-ups †¢ Encourage and prize educated hazard taking Discipline We Strive To: †¢ Conduct business with solid trustworthiness and polished skill †¢ Ensure a protected, clean and sans injury working environment †¢ Make and meet duties â₠¬ ¢ Properly plan, store and staff ventures †¢ Pay meticulousness Great Place to WorkWe Strive To: †¢ Be open and direct †¢ Promote a difficult workplace that builds up our different workforce †¢ Work as a group with deference and trust for one another †¢ Win and have a great time †¢ Recognize and prize achievements †¢ Manage execution reasonably and immovably †¢ Be a resource for our networks overall Quality We Strive To: †¢ Achieve the best expectations of greatness †¢ Do the correct things right †¢ Continuously learn, create and improve †¢ Take pride in our work Results OrientationWe Strive To: †¢ Set testing and serious objectives †¢ Focus on yield †¢ Assume duty †¢ Constructively defy and tackle issues †¢ Execute faultlessly INTEL CODE OF CONDUCT MAY 2, 2007 From Intel’s President and CEO Intel contends in quick evolving markets. We direct business in topographies around the globe. In th is condition of extraordinary change and opportunity, our way to proceeding with progress is clear †joining under a typical vision, shared qualities and a reliable standard of conduct.Our business achievement has consistently relied upon our capacity to fabricate confided seeing someone †with each other, clients, providers, governments and networks. In any case, confided seeing someone don’t occur over night. They’re worked after some time, on the uprightness of each choice we make, each desire we set and each move we make. All that we do, huge or little, can have huge and enduring effect. Once in a while, the correct activity isn’t self-evident. In any case, we have our compass: a crucial, arrangement of shared qualities, and our Intel Code of Conduct.This Code of Conduct speaks to Intel’s desires for acting morally and inside the limits of the law. Comprehend the Code. Talk about it, tail it, use it. Discover the assets on the Ethics and Compl iance intranet site to assist you with applying the Code to your everyday work. The Code is the standard of lead that joins us, reinforces and permits us to persistently convey worth and assemble trust quite a long time after year. Respectability blameless is our responsibility, our establishment and our future. Paul S. Otellini President and CEO INTEL CODE OF CONDUCT MAY 2, 2007 Table of ContentsCode of Conduct †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Intel Conducts Business with Honesty and Integrity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Conducting Business with Customers, Suppliers, and Others†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Taking Corporate Responsibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Preparing Accurate Financial and Other Records†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Intel Follows the Letter and Spirit of the Law †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Antitrust †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Bribery and Anti-Corruption †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Environmental Management and Compliance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Import and Export Compliance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Insider Trading †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Protected innovation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Privacy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Public Communications †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Intel Employees Treat Each Other Fairly †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Open and Honest Communication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Equal Employment Opportunities and Discrimination †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Against Harassment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Safety †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Intel Employees Act to the greatest advantage of Intel and Avoid Conflicts of Interest †¦.. 8 Conflict of Interest Examples †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Handling Conflicts of Interest †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Gifts and Entertainment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Intel Employees Protect the Company’s Assets and Reputation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Protecti ng Physical Assets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Maintaining Information Security †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Safeguarding Trademarks and Brands †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Representing Intel †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Asking Questions and Reporting Concerns †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Ways to Seek Guidance and Report Concerns †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Non-Retaliation Policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 Approvals and Waivers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Reminders †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Code of Conduct Glossary Terms and Definitions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 INTEL CODE OF CONDUCT MAY 2, 2007 Code of Con ductSince the organization started, firm respectability and

Essay on Mat Johnson’s “Incognegro”Essay Writing Service

Paper on Mat Johnson’s â€Å"Incognegro†Essay Writing Service Paper on Mat Johnson’s â€Å"Incognegro† Paper on Mat Johnson’s â€Å"Incognegro†Having read the realistic novel of Mat Johnson, I might want to investigate the present propensity of funnies to be fairly an amusement for grown-ups, than kids. Despite the fact that funnies as an artistic class have consistently been arranged on kids, today, we can see that an ever increasing number of comic books are composed on the genuine subjects that would clearly appear to be alarming and in any event, sickening whenever read by kids. Presently we see that funnies are increasingly more much of the time called realistic novels.Here, I have to state that from the primary pages of â€Å"Incognegro† any peruser would understand that the subject of this realistic novel is not the slightest bit kid situated. Indeed, even the focal picture of the book is a significantly alarming one (â€Å"Incognegro: Black, White and Injustice all over†). The epic starts with the depiction of a Ku Klux Klan part conveying a weapon and a panicked looking man looking at the blade in the hands of his torturer with extraordinary consideration (Johnson 3). Some other stunning men with furious faces encompass the person in question and the story goes on in the equivalent manner.Here comes the inquiry. Is this at all a comic book for youths or rather a stunning analyst for grown-ups? Doubtlessly, the appropriate response would be supportive of the last mentioned. Also, the general concept of the story’s plot that addresses such genuine subjects as race and persecution of dark individuals would clearly make anybody feel that such perusing is not the slightest bit expected for kids.To finish up, I might want to state that Mat Johnson’s â€Å"Incognegro† is unquestionably an enthralling and exciting perusing, yet I would reconsider before giving this novel to a kid as a sort of diversion. By the by, this perusing is of much incentive regarding its significant topic that worries the apparently everl asting issue of racial segregation, persecution and savagery.

A Modest Proposal Essays - Humour, Pamphlets, Fiction, Free Essays

A Modest Proposal Essays - Humor, Pamphlets, Fiction, Free Essays A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal was a sarcastic paper composed by Jonathan Swift portraying the awful states of Ireland and the lives of the Irish individuals in 1729. The creator depicts and assaults the barbarous and uncalled for mistreatment of Ireland by its oppressor, the compelling English and criticizes the Irish individuals simultaneously. Nonetheless, Swift's resistance is by implication introduced. Jonathan Swift can do as such by utilizing the persona, incongruity, and mind so as to uncover the striking debasement and corruption of the Irish individuals, and simultaneously present them with practicable answers for their deceitful and wretched lives. The creator utilizes a parody to achieve his target not just on the grounds that he can hide his actual personality yet in addition since it is the best method to wakeful the individuals of Ireland into seeing their own degeneracy. Quick makes an anecdotal persona in light of the fact that by concealing his actual character he can persuade the perusers of the essentialness of Ireland's concern and permit them to see truth and reality. The persona is a concerned Irishman who is smart, sound, and genuine. He seems, by all accounts, to be a beast and a beast for proposing something malicious and unethical serenely as though it isn't unexpected to devour the substance of another individual. What makes his proposition to be significantly progressively corrupted is that he proposes to eat the children. The persona proclaims, and at precisely at one year old that I propose to accommodate them, in a such a way as, rather than being a charge upon their folks, or the ward, or needing food and garment for the remainder of their lives, they will, despite what might be expected, add to the taking care of and somewhat to the attire of a large number. The persona legitimizes his proposition with various reasons. Other than th e avoidance of intentional premature births and child murder, it will likewise forestall the loss of cash for support of kids and the maltreatment of ladies and kids. The quantity of Papists would be decreased and the youngsters won't become poor people, hoodlums, or whores. The proposition will help in the expansion in the status of the lower class, advance love, and care from the moms towards their kids. Anyway the persona alone is deficient to cause the storyteller to appear to be excessively conceivable. The persona must use incongruity and mind all together for his article to be progressively solid. A Modest Proposal is so powerful and engaging in view of the writers' overflowing employments of incongruity all through his article. The title itself is unquestionably unexpected. It gives the peruser bogus desires for conventionality and reasonableness with respect to the essayist. The butchery of honest infants and the utilization of their skin for attire is route past being humble. It is fierce and crazy. The proposition is expected to stun and rattle the peruser. The storyteller likewise criticizes the Irish. His proposition would be an extraordinary motivation for marriage, not on the grounds that the Irish will wed for the normal reasons, of affection and bliss. Rather they will wed for cash. As the persona articulates, this would be an incredible affectation to marriage, which every astute country have either energized by remunerations or upheld by laws and punishments. Additionally, this proposition whenever put into impact would help in setting up adoration and care in fami lies, among mates and towards the youngsters. The mother would furnish her children with better sustenance. Since, full, fat, and delicious infants are worth more than the lean and manhandled ones. The spouses will get partial to their wives and shun manhandling them, to dodge a potential unnatural birth cycle. Besides, typically the youngster is acquainted with Christianity to commend their introduction to the world and prologue to Christianity. Be that as it may, incidentally Christenings will commend a child's looming demise. The infant must be killed all together for the guardians to benefit. In this manner, the essential rationale of the Irish is cash. The persona's smart showcase of incongruity fills a need for assaulting, hating, and uncovering the indecencies of the Irish individuals. The storyteller's splendid and smart utilization of mind is unquestionably significant all through A Modest Proposal. So as to make human flesh consumption sound like the most practicable arrangement, the creator shrewdly employments

Peer Gynt Free Essays

Friend Gynt Response Paper The account of â€Å"Peer Gynt† investigates the perspective of the self all through the experiences of Peer Gynt, it additionally extends the human spirit past the constraints of time. In Peer’s words â€Å"I don’t realize what I’m looking for† (Ibsen ) show that he is a youngster trying different things with life by taking on different jobs and camouflages. In this regard, the narrative of Peer Gynt can be perused as a mental show. We will compose a custom article test on Friend Gynt or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Notwithstanding, the nearness of figures, for example, the trolls, the Boyg and sphinx shows that the play is likewise fanciful. â€Å"Peer Gynt† is too portrayed by strict concerns and it is likewise supernatural somewhat. This is called attention to through the manner in which Peer survives his fantasies and accomplishes salvation through Solveig. The initial segment of the play is Peer in his own general public, a pariah, who needs to escape from a general public that is confining him. Weaving of stories is significant in this play since it is through his fantasies that Peer will become sovereign of the world. Just Peer realizes how to make an innovative world. To escape his current situation with destitution, Peer Gynt resorts to story advising to elevate himself and his mom from the savagery of society. Individuals become what they are a direct result of society and the manner in which it capacities. The global goes of Peer shows a man who longs for opportunity from home, and seeks after his fantasies of intensity, sexual satisfaction, failing to grow old. These are the fantasies of the vast majority. Companion Gynt’s physical excursion is additionally his psychological excursion through which he enters a procedure of finding the human self. Peer’s mission isn't so explicit and in his interest he at last encounters the quest for character. Companion takes away Ingrid during her wedding function, just to manhandle her and dispose of her. After this pathetic demonstration he is compelled to escape the town. This leads Peer to slip into the universe of the trolls, where he finds the Green Woman, the Troll King’s Daughter. Plunge in the realm of the trolls, for Peer Gynt is the drop into an unreasonable existence where just wants matter. The way that Peer Gynt attempts to cherish the troll ladies in order to enter the troll realm shows that he is losing his orientation. There is a sort of brute or not enlightened inclination which is spoken to through the trolls. Their reality is the specific inverse of the universe of profound quality. In act 2, we discover Peer is at the same time in the human world and the heavenly world (Solveig and the trolls). Ibsen’s emotional brain research likewise focuses upon the figure of the troll who are very narcissistic. In many people there is a troll, and that Ibsen’s play excellent shows this. This statement from the Boyg ,† He was excessively solid; ladies have spared him! † (Ibsen ) speaks to the better piece of Peer’s nature takes up to him when Solveig comes to him. Friend Gynt as a self can possibly believe his own integrity when that decency is reflected in another person. The way that he goes to help his mother through death shows the positive part of his tendency. As his mom passes on, Peer, across language, takes her through a creative world by weaving a story of excellence. The mind boggling bond among mother and child is there through creative mind. The bonds with his past are cut off with the demise of his mom. Solveig and Ase are symbolical of human ties which make Peer Gynt and they spare his spirit numerous a period. Nonetheless, Peer enters the most minimal pits of mental, physical and profound degeneration when he takes up the ocean venture. Companion fills the air with misrepresented stories and complete misrepresentations. The fourth demonstration which opens in Morocco is drastically profoundly engaging and it acquaints subjects which have with do with global issues. It makes noticeable the continuous need of Peer Gynt to turn into the sovereign of the world. He comes out as a pessimistic specialist. From the pinnacle of achievement, he experiences restriction, voracity and bad form. He tumbles to the profundity of the materialistic businessperson (slave exchange) which causes him to lose his spirit. Friend Gynt at the same time enters the universe of pyramids and the netherworld he has made by entering the haven. It speaks to the unreasonable uniqueness he needed to achieve. The excellence and mental stability of the world he deserted currently become increasingly obvious. As Peer travels through his very own scene disarranged and insane creative mind. Peer’s, progress through the world turns into a profound relapse. Profound depletion turns into a show as deadened good will, non-responsibility to a lot of qualities, as self-estrangement, depersonalization. Duplication and relapse are the conditions the soul is destined to in the event that it acknowledges the troll state of â€Å"to thyself be enough† rather than the human â€Å"to thyself be valid. † (Ibsen ) The stun to see mental confinement of people, of death impels Peer Gynt to move upwards. They set him back in transit to return. Being consistent with yourself is to look for independence. We should take note of the way that when he is looted of all his property, Peer goes to God for help and his yacht bafflingly explodes with all ready. This summons a sentiment of enchantment. Through the statement â€Å"My world is monstrous and satisfaction over,† (Ibsen ) Peer thinks back upon his squandered life and strips an onion, he lets each layer speak to an alternate job he has played yet finds no center. Companion at long last finds that his ‘true self’ broke up because of his selfish and ruinous way of life. By abandoning family ties, Peer Gynt entered the most noticeably awful phases of good and physical decrease. It is notable that it is connections which make the character, oneself. Friend Gynt existed all the more really in Solveig’s creative mind and it is a direct result of her confidence, expectation and love that he doesn't push off. Recovery gets through the affection for Solveig which has persevered through and stayed unadulterated and untainted. Around Peer Gynt, who is a legendary figure in Norway, is a world and its kin and furthermore local fantasies, governmental issues and religion. The play is a tremendous excursion which has brain science yet it likewise investigates different edges of life. Book reference Ibsen , Henrik. Companion Gynt. Mineola : Dover productions, 2003. digital book. The most effective method to refer to Peer Gynt, Essay models

Research Term Paper Format

Research Term Paper FormatStudents frequently receive a research term paper as a pre-requisite for higher education, and they are often confused about how to read it. Sometimes students do not understand the main points or how to approach them. You should know that this is your chance to be more organized, so you must master the research term paper format.After all, students need to be well-prepared for this term paper. But the pre-reading of this term paper is the most important part of this process. Some students are confused as to what should be written in the text section, but understanding its structure can help in deciphering the main points of the essay. It is a good idea to make a copy of the research term paper before you start writing it, as this will make sure that you are taking all the needed steps to make sure that your document is informative and well-written.First of all, write about the main points that are to be discussed in the research paper. This is the section t hat must be written well, and that you must also put some importance on. The main points should be divided into three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion.The introduction should be written in a clear and concise manner, and is an introduction to the research term paper that might also serve as the introduction to the whole project. You have to give a good reason for the purpose of the research paper, as this will further define the goals and the scope of the project. Describe the main idea of the research paper, and what the aim of the project is.Body and conclusion are where you begin describing the main points of the paper. There are two kinds of body: in the first one, you present the topics and their significance, and the second one describes the main topics and their significance in the context of the topic of the paper. The main theme of the paper is very important, because it will determine the results and the scope of the research.In conclusion, you must include a conc lusion, and this is an important part of the research term paper. Write the conclusion in a clear and concise manner, and tell your readers what they should expect from the paper after reading the entire research term paper. Write a short summary of the topic, and add some links to external sources that you think might help people who are interested in this topic.You should be familiar with proper grammar and punctuation in order to be able to use them correctly in your research term paper. Make sure that you have had sufficient practice in the use of punctuation, and remember that the writing you are doing must be precise and simple.After the outline, you should work on the writing with the help of references, but you should also let your students to give you feedback when they are finished. The students should also know that the paper that they are writing must be worthy of your attention, and you should always pay attention to the sentence structure, punctuation, and vocabulary u sed. Having a clear picture of the intended audience for the research term paper is another thing that you must take care of, and you should emphasize the relevance of the topic, and the relevance of the main idea in the document.

A Primary Task of the Manager - Free Essay Example

DECISION MAKING- A PRIMARY TASK OF THE MANAGER As the term implies, decision making is the process of selection of a course of action from among alternatives. All decisions made in an environment of at least some uncertainty. However, the degree will vary from relative certainty to great uncertainty. There are certain risks involved in making decisions. In a situation involving certainty, people are reasonably sure about what will happen when they make a decision. The information is available and is considered to be reliable, and the cause and effect relationships are known. In a situation of uncertainty, on the other hand, people have only a meager database, they do not know whether or not the data are reliable, and they are very unsure about whether or not the situation may change. In a risk situation, factual information may exist but it may be incomplete. To improve decision making, one may estimate the objective probabilities of an outcome by using, for example, mathematical models. On the other hand, subjective probability, based on judgement and experience, may be used. Fortunately, there are a number of tools available that help managers make more effective decisions. All intelligent decision makers dealing with uncertainty like to know the size and nature of the risk they are taking in choosing a course of action. One of the deficiencies in using the traditional approaches of operations research for problem solving is that many of the data used in a model are merely estimates and others are based on probabilities. The ordinary practice is to have staff specialists come up with â€Å"best estimates†. However new techniques have been developed that gives a more precise view of risk. Virtually every decision is based on the interaction of a number of important variables, many of which have an element of uncertainty but, perhaps,a fairly high degree of probability. Thus, the wisdom of launching a new product might depend on a number of crit ical variables the cost of introducing the product, the cost of producing it, the capital investment that will be required, the price that can be set for the product, the size of the potential market, and the share of the total market that it will represent. Manager’s main job is decision making and quite often they have to decide on what is to be done, who is to do it, when, where, and so on and so forth. The first step in decision making after having decided our goals and our planning premises is to develop all the possible ways of reaching the goals. If one thinks hard enough more than one way to achieve the goals can be identified. If you cannot find more than one way to the goals then I would say probably you have not thought hard enough. This is because almost always alternatives exist. There is a good statement I remember on this occasion-I quote the unknown â€Å" If there seems to be only one way of doing a thing, that way is probably the wrong way. † No w you can understand the limitations and boundaries within which the manager has to act. On the way to achieving the desired goals there would be more often than not something that would stand in the way, obstructing the path. This something that stands in the way accomplishing a desired goal is a limiting factor. The principle of limiting factor states as follows: By recognizing and overcoming those factors that stand critically in the way of a goal, the best alternative course of action can be selected. Steps In Decision-making Process Let us now look at the process of decision making. Having found many alternatives to the goal, the next logical step is to decide and select one of them for adoption. Obviously, you need to evaluate them find the most appropriate one for implementation. In evaluating the alternatives, the managers are likely to do so: Quantitative Factors– 1. The factors that can be measured in numerical terms, 2. Qualitative Factors–factors that are intangible and difficult to measure numerically, 3. marginal analysis–that is to compare additional revenues arising from additional costs 4. cost effectiveness analysis–the process of selecting the best ratio of benefits and costs. After having evaluated the alternatives the job is to select one of them. Here the managers can use three basic approaches: 1. Experience, 2. Experimentation, and 3. Research and analysis Experience There seems to be no greater teacher than experience. But what is experience? It is not the number of years spent in a business. Many managers do not learn by their mistakes. If so what is the benefit of experience? Mostly managers either do not or fail to identify the cause for their failures. Another facet is the lessons of experience may be entirely inapplicable to the new problems. Experimentation Experiments are one way of testing a method. It is probably the most expensive one. Besides, unlike in science, there is no guarantee of r epetition of the results. But one should be encouraged to do experiments-to try the various alternatives and see which is best. In view of the high cost involved, I suggest it should be used only after considering other alternatives and its implications. Research and Analysis When a major decision has to be taken, research and analysis is the most effective technique. One of the most comprehensive research and analysis approaches to decision making is operations research. We will discuss the same in detail at later. Types of Managerial Decisions As a manager one would need to take decisions under different situations. We can separately identify two different kinds of decision making situations. The kind of decision used for routine and repetitive work and the other is new, unexpected and non-repetitive one. The earlier one is termed as programmed decision and other non-programmed decision. You should understand that the decisions are not always necessarily be either of the two ; it can be a combination of both. Most of the strategic decisions however, are non-programmed decisions and involve a certain amount of risk. Before a non-programmed decision is made the manager should calculate the amount of risk involved in the decision known as Risk Analysis, look at the major alternatives available-Decision Trees. The decision made by the manager would also be dependent on his attitude towards risk taking and this is called preference theory or utility theory. Decision making support systems use modern day gadgets and techniques to help the manager arrive at a decision effectively. Management invariably encounters situations in which uncomfortable decisions must be made. In some cases, the difficulty may be that, although certain alternative choices are clear, the consequences of these choices are not readily apparent. One possible tool for a manager in such a situation is decision tree analysis. A decision tree is a graphical diagram consisting of nodes and branches. The nodes are of two types. The first is a rectangle that represents the decision to be made. The branches emanating from decision nodes are the alternative choices with which the manager is faced. One and only one alternative can be implemented. The second type of node is a circle. Circles represent chance nodes. That is, the alternatives emanating from chance nodes have some element of uncertainty as to whether or not they will occur. The primary benefit of a decision tree is that it provides a visual representation of the choices facing the manager. Analytic Considerations The first task of the manager is to identify the decision that needs to be made based upon a given situation. Next, the manager must think of all the possible alternative actions that could be implemented which would solve the problem. These alternatives are connected to the decision node as straight lines emanating from the node. The next step is to identify all the possible consequences that could occur as a result of an alternative being implemented. This process is accomplished for each and every alternative action identified in the previous step. Since these consequences have some element of uncertainty as to whether or not they will occur, the manager needs some way in which to evaluate the likelihood that they will (may) occur. The end goal is to obtain probabilities as to the likelihood of each consequence occurring. The best process to obtain these probabilities is to use past experience of similar outcomes. But, often there is no past experience of similar outcomes available to the manager. In these cases, the best tool is to utilize the collective wisdom of experts as to how likely it is that the particular consequence will occur in the future. Using an appropriate consensus building technique, estimates from a panel of experts can be combined or averaged to create a probability of the likelihood of the occurrence of each and every consequence. The only r equirement is that the sum of the probabilities of the set of consequences emanating from a chance node must equal one. The next step is to evaluate the end result of each possible alternative in concert with the consequences identified for each alternative. This step results in a monetary figure that would be obtained if this course of action were implemented. This step is accomplished for each possible alternative. Finally, the entire tree is evaluated by employing a technique known as mathematical expectation in order to select the most beneficial alternative. Product Planning at Gerber Gerber Products, Inc. , the well-known baby products company, recently used decision tree analysis in deciding whether to continue using the plastic known as poly-vinyl chloride or, more commonly, PVC. The situation involved a number of organizations including the environmental group Greenpeace, the U. S. Consumer Products Safety Commission, the toy and plastics industries, and the general publ ic. PVC is a composite plastic material used in numerous household, commercial, and medical products including food storage containers, toys, and medical tubing. To make PVC soft and pliable, a chemical plasticizer known as phthalates is added to soften the plastic. In the latter half of 1998, Greenpeace announced that it had conducted scientific testing on phthalates and found them to be carcinogenic in lab rats. Further, Greenpeace claimed that the chemical leeches from the plastic over time and voiced particular concern with, products that were aimed at small children and used to suck on or chew on. Although phthalates have been used in plastic for over 30 years, and there are no known cases of phthalates causing health problems, Greenpeace’s press release was strategically timed to coincide with the Christmas toy season, thereby guaranteeing maximum media coverage. As expected, it was immediately picked up by the television networks and, in fact, the ABC show 20/20 did an entire segment on the possible health risks of phthalates. The problem grew worse for Gerber when the media focused specifically on products made for oral use by children. Gerber, the largest producer of nipples, pacifiers, and feeding products in the U. S. , produced some 75 different products containing phthalates and was under considerable pressure to respond publicly to the investigation. Decisions Gerber management had to evaluate all of the current information, weigh the consequences of each action, and proceed on the most prudent course to insure as limited an interruption in business as possible. Gerber knew that a vast body of scientific evidence indicates that phthalates are completely safe. However, once the Greenpeace announcement was publicized, the Consumer Product Safety Commission was spurred to issue a press release expressing new doubts. As the focus gradually fell on items children put in their mouths, and large toy manufacturers like Mattel and Disney b egan to distance themselves from phthalates, the spotlight of the CPSC fell squarely on Gerber. A month before Christmas, the CPSC informed Gerber they would issue a press release advising parents of the potential dangers of phthalates, and Gerber would be named as one of the companies involved. This is the point at which Gerber implemented a decision tree. Gerber basically faced two choices, neither of which was particularly beneficial. The firm could be reactive, wait for the announcement, and gauge consumer response before deciding on a course of action, or it could be proactive and aggressively pursue resolution of the problem regardless of the public’s response to the report. The CSPC report suggested the agency would either issue a recall of all products containing phthalates (shown on the decision tree as the unfavorable response), or they would issue a report merely expressing concern in which case the public response would be minimal (shown on the decision tree as favorable). Gerber projected eight possible outcomes on its decision tree. If the firm reacted proactively by discontinuing use of all phthalates, and the CSPC report simply issued a warning, Gerber predicted an 80 percent chance that the public would react favorably to Gerber’s responsiveness causing sales to increase over competitors who reacted more slowly. A potential nationwide revenue increase of $l million was entered into the decision tree. Given a proactive response and a favorable CSPC report, Gerber also recorded a 20 percent chance that sales ould decline by $1 million due to the sensationalistic nature of the press coverage. If the CSPC report is negative and a recall is issued, Gerber predicted 25 percent likelihood that it could preserve current sales through a proactive response. On the other hand, the firm placed a 75 percent probability that a recall would hurt sales by $1. 25 million. Four more alternatives were predicted in the event that Gerber waited for the CSPC report before taking action. With a favorable report and a delayed response, there was thought to be a 25 percent chance that sales would remain flat, along with a 75 percent chance that sales would decline by $2 million. The worst case scenario is if Gerber remains passive and the CSPC report calls for a recall. In that case, Gerber optimistically predicted a 20 percent probability that it could still increase sales by taking advantage of companies who were less prepared for the report and actually gain approximately $. 5 million. However, it was considered an 80 percent probability that significant volume would be lost.

Justice Is The Standard Of True Justice - 1762 Words

Through the issue of labor in Bangladesh, we can easily extract a point of view, what is fairness and justice. In my opinion, according to Rawls s theory of justice, the standard of true justice, it s hard to apply to the real world. We cannot rule out the influence of the real factors. Therefore, it is more appropriate and useful to use Rawls justice as a guideline, although utterly extreme, ignoring the subject matter of man, but more meaningful. An effective solution to the issue of labor rights in Bangladesh, the current situation, in a way that is conducive to the majority of ordinary people in Bangladesh, by this foundation, combined with Rawls more fair justice as a specific guidance, which can give a Relative justice. Rawls in the justice theory points out that justice is the primary purpose of the social system. And a theory of justice called fair justice. By proposing the veil of ignorance, which is considered that people give real justice in the absence of any value prop osition, therefore putting forward two principles of justice. The first is that everyone has the equal right to enjoy the broadest and equitable system of fundamental freedoms that is compatible with a similar system of liberty enjoyed by others. Social and economic inequalities should be arranged to bring them in the best interests of the most disadvantaged. The principle of saving in line with justice, and the openness and transparency of office to all under conditions of fair and equalShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Does Criminal Law Reflect the Moral and Ethical Standards of Society?1682 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent does criminal law reflect the moral and ethical standards of society? Criminal law is a construct of the government, enforced through tangible measures. 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The Sexual Revolution During The Middle Of The 20th Century

In the middle of the 20th century the western world, and especially the United States of America, experienced a sexual revolution where taboos became more acceptable, personal sexuality was better understood, and stigmas attached to sex and sexual preferences were weakened. Much of the sexual revolution was made possible by pioneering scientists and psychologists, like Alfred Kinsey and Evelyn Hooker who dared challenged the status quo and made possible this new understanding of sex. The methods of these research played an essential role in legitimizing their findings and belief and help solidify the scientific ground on which the sexual revolution stood on. Understanding each highlighted researchers specific methodologies and recognizing the challenges they faced in conducting their research in the time period played a crucial role in an enabling me to form a response to the assigned films. Kinsey’s beginnings as a zoologist, specifically focused on the study of insects (and studying them in enormous quantity) helped demonstrate his methodologies and how he continued to use the same methods when researching the sexual behavior of humans. He both renowned and sometimes ridiculed for his disciplined collecting and examining of enormous quantities of insects to better understand their behavior. Thus, when he applied that methodology to humans he spent enormous efforts travelling across the country to interview and collect data from as many individuals in different areas fromShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom Of The Free Love Movement Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesAs society moved from agrarian to industrial, the sexual ideology was heavily influenced. During this period, the need for children to help maintain farmland was no longer necessary. Cities emerged and reproduction slowed. 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Up until around the 1900s, this ideology was commonly known as Liberalism, howeverRead More Hegemonic Masculinity in American Society Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesidealism and emphasis that connects masculinity to competitiveness, toughness, and women subordination. Masculinity hegemonic is the enforcement of male dominion over a society. Masculine ideology dates back to the time of agrarian and the industrial revolution in Europe w hen survival compelled men to leave their homesteads to work in industries to earn a living for their families while women remained at home to take care of family affairs (Good and Sherrod 210). Women did not work in industries then becauseRead MoreThe Presence Of Operating Women s Crusades1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe presence of operating women s Crusades is an important factor in gaining rights for women. Within many countries there have been lively strives for women s rights during the 20th century to the present, even under the most tyrannical governments. The middle class movement has served as a rallying point in Latin America, as it was within the United States (Miller 159). Women have been challenging adversaries of dictatorial regimes, such as the dictatorship in Mexico and Argentina. As in otherRead More Women in Society Essay2499 Words   |  10 Pages18th century, at the time of the French Revolution and the continuance of the Enlightenment era, the role of women in s ociety began changing drastically as the lights of the world were now open with this brand new enlightened era. Women began holding jobs, yet still did not receive the same privileges as men. By the time the Industrial Revolution came along in the 19th century many more jobs were opened to a woman in the work force. Reforms began in all areas throughout the 19thand early 20th centuriesRead MoreThe Socialization And Dilution Of Marxist Theory Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesrationalization of cultural and social trends that Gramsci and other Neo-Marxists provide a way to debunk the capitalist system in the 20th century. One of the major problems of Neo-Marxist ideology is the dilution of Marxist terms, such as â€Å"the means of production†, which have become diluted to the point of subjective obscurity. In the latter half of the 20th century, the ineffective socialization and cultural meaning of Marxist terminologies has failed to grasp the materialist underpinnings of MarxistRead MoreTheme Of Sexual Dissonance In The Picture Of Dorian Gray1641 Words   |  7 PagesA Picture of Sexual Fluidity Oscar Wilde was a figurehead for a larger cause in the late nineteenth century. His reality crumbled under the cognitive dissonance of the high-class aristocrats and their struggle to find any reason to overthrow those who are cognizant enough to see and react to said dissonance. What are best known as the Wilde trials, consisted of using completely fictional literature as evidence to real events. Wilde’s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray was a tool used to undermineRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The Effects On Women s Rights1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution and the Effects on Women s Rights The Industrial Revolution was one of the most important and productive periods of history. The Industrial Revolution has to do with the time between the late 18th century and mid-19th century where there were profound advances in production, manufacturing, and other fields of engineering. It began in Great Britain in the late 1700s which then spread to the United States and then to many other parts of the world. Societies were very rural

Preparing and Facilitating A Successful Debate Essay

Preparing and delivering a successful debate requires a group of people to work together effectively as a team. Team processes and preparation and public speaking skills are both equally important key factors for success in debating as team processes involved in preparation for debate, such as group personality composition that creates cohesion and synergy and group norms that enhance the group’s ability to work together, equip the team to work effectively therefore improving performance however if team members are unable to deliver an argument to an audience with confidence due to communication apprehension, the speaker’s credibility will be lessened therefore the message will be less persuasive and the intended communication goal may†¦show more content†¦When cohesion and synergy are achieved team performance and group effectiveness are increased. Barrick et al (1998: 382) argues that this is because cohesion and synergy improve communication, conflict reso lution and distribution of workload. Tyler et al (2005: 225) explain the positive effects that synergy has on group effectiveness by stating that ‘highly cohesive groups have a strong structure because their members are highly committed to the group and cooperate to preserve it’. Tyler et al (2005: 225) go on to state that cohesion improves group effectiveness as higher levels of commitment by team members is favourable to achieving higher levels of performance and that cohesion allows team members to concentrate on performance rather than group conflict. Barrick et al (1998: 380) furthers the argument that conscientiousness is a trait that leads to synergy and group effectiveness by suggesting that conscientiousness enables each team member to contribute more to the team performance therefore encouraging better results. The fact that group personality traits such as cooperation, agreeableness, conscientiousness, achievement motivation and helpfulness lead to cohesio n and synergy and improved groupShow MoreRelatedNot Just Your Typical FarmerS Daughter. My First Step1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe students would miss out on the great things I had to say and I would not have educated or stirred enlightenment in them. Stars cannot shine without darkness and likewise, we cannot grow without change. Every obstacle is building strength and preparing me for the future. Kathryn Leadership Fife is my name. Okay, maybe my middle name is not actually leadership but it is a big part of my life and who I am today.   Spanning from Junior High to now, I have served in twenty-eight leadership extracurricularRead MoreThe Role Of Leadership And Management On The Healthcare And Social Environment1645 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancement and change as a dynamic area which takes mentioned time to make action for particular management and leadership programs, there are unique to all organizations usually. Every firm requires some changes and improvements programs to become successful in different sectors. To attain organizational improvement, Leadership is a key factor in the success of healthcare sectors. Professional efficient leaders enable advancements within the organization and capable to predict the way in which an organizationRead MoreDifferences in Competencies Between Adn and Bsn Nurses Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagescomprises more than 3 million registered nurses (RNs) in the United States. 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Also, T-Mobile is officially the third largest carrier, overtaking Sprint for the title, with 56 million in total subscriber baseRead MoreThe Role Of Talent Development Programme ( Tdp )1716 Words   |  7 Pagestraining leadership and problem-solving skills in addressing real world concerns, such as diversity, sustainability, integration or financial regulation (Bailey Morley, 2006, p. 214). TDP activities include seminars by academic or financiers and debates with industrialists or p oliticians. Students can attend training from a field expert and then organize a follow-up activity. Contemporary companies are turning to mentoring and coaching programs for talent development. These programs tap the valueRead MoreMethod of Teaching and Learning18614 Words   |  75 PagesFacilitating learning: Teaching and learning methods Authors: Judy McKimm MBA, MA (Ed), BA (Hons), Cert Ed, FHEA Visiting Professor of Healthcare Education and Leadership, Bedfordshire Hertfordshire Postgraduate Medical School, University of Bedfordshire Carol Jollie MBA, BA (Hons) Project Manager, Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London This paper was first written in 2003 as part of a project led by the London Deanery to provide a web-based learning resource to support the educationalRead MoreBSBADM502B MANAGE MEETINGS STUDENT13933 Words   |  56 Pages.................. 24 Chairing meetings ...........................................................................................25 Conducting meetings ...................................................................................... 27 Facilitating outcomes ......................................................................................34 Recording meeting minutes ........................................................................... 42 Section summary ........................Read MorePlanning and Enabling Learning3226 Words   |  13 Pagesthe needs of all children. 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What are your feelings about it? How is the existing theory fittingRead MoreThe Iranian Nuclear Threat : A Realistic Assessment2832 Words   |  12 PagesMichael Shapiro May 6, 2015 The Iranian Nuclear Threat: A Realistic Assessment Over the past decade, an international debate over how to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon has erupted. However, many people in the United States lack a thorough understanding of the implications of a nuclear Iran. A close examination of the facts demonstrates that Tehran has clear intent to develop, but not necessarily use, nuclear weapons. A realistic assessment should take this into account when considering

Education Learning Environments - 1190 Words

Learning environments that effectively meet the needs of adult students build upon the wealth of knowledge in the classroom, are student-driven, and have direct application to the problems of the adults everyday life. In this essay, I will reflect upon a traditional learning experience that I experienced as an early college student. Additionally, using Knowles theory of adult learning, I will consider how the experience could have been adapted. Traditional Learning Context As a 17 year old in the mid 1990s, I enrolled in an introductory psychology course at a private religious college in central Virginia. The college was traditional in most every way, from the way coursework was organized to the ways in which classroom activities were†¦show more content†¦His views that favored blaming mothers for sexual orientation identity may have been challenged by members of the class that did not experience coddling or over-identification with their mothers. It was fairly widely known that professional helping organizations no longer endorsed Freuds position on sexual orientation identity. Social role Knowles also asserted that adults learning occurs because adults are ready to learn; the circumstances of their lives makes learning relevant (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2007). At this point in my life, I was coming to terms with my sexual orientation identity. Because I was not getting a balanced view on LGBT identity at the college, I spent a great deal of time at the public library reading about sexual minority communities. This is perhaps part of the reason why the lecture was memorable in an otherwise uninteresting course. Learning about this issue had immediacy for me because it was relevant to my life. Though the classroom did not offer me a place to grapple with these issues, my learning continued nevertheless. The instructors lack of a balanced position made me seek out other sources of knowledge. Application Knowledge is not gathered and stored for a later time. In order to be a useful learning experience, there must be an immediate need. Merriam, Caffarella, and Baumgartner (2007) noted that, in Knowles adult learningShow MoreRelatedA Learning Diverse Environment : A Multicultural Education1383 Words   |  6 PagesA Learning Diverse Environment A multicultural education is a form of education that incorporates a diverse cultural background into learning. Having a multicultural education is beneficial in an abundance of ways especially for the younger generation. American schools should implement multicultural education in classrooms to promote positive attitudes toward one own’s culture and others. The US Census Bureau claimed that America consists of six different races (excluding Whites or Americans): AmericanRead MorePreschool Mission : Education And Learning Environment851 Words   |  4 PagesBJBee’s Preschool Brownsville, Oregon BJBee’s Preschool Mission: To promote full and equal participation in the education and learning environment regardless of racial and ethnic background, socioeconomic status, disabilities, sexual orientation, or families of different gender identities. BJBee’s Preschool is committed to valuing diversity by providing equality of opportunity and anti-discriminatory practice for all children and families. We respect and value the linguistic, cultural and religiousRead MoreInclusive Education And An Innovative Learning Environment1871 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Inclusive education is where all children and young people are engaged and achieve through being present, participating, learning and belonging† (Ministry of Education, 2017). 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This new stance on learning has initiated the upheaval of the New Zealand education system with the reformatting of many schools into modernRead MoreEvaluating The Learning Environment For Nursing Education Curriculum And Professional Development809 Words   |  4 Pagesnursing education student with the opportunity to participate in the teaching/evaluation of nurses at various educational levels in the hospital sett ing. This focused practicum involves course preparation, actual classroom teaching, evaluation methods (testing, conferencing), and participation in meetings. This practicum will provide this student with a variety of teaching strategies, knowledge, skills, and evaluative approaches designed to promote a productive and effective learning environment withinRead MoreLearning Modalities, Environment, Curriculum and Personnel in Early Childhood Education1593 Words   |  7 Pagesneeds child in the early childhood education environment. Learning modalities will be defined. The importance of a spectrum of modalities in the way children learn will be addressed, with special attention given to the needs of a special needs child in the classroom. The question of why changes in curriculum, environment and personnel are necessary when dealing with a special needs student in a typical classroom will also be addressed. Sometimes referred to as â€Å"learning modalities†, operating in a classroomRead MoreSpecial Education, Social Justice, And Effective Learning Environment For Students2700 Words   |  11 Pageswe grow in education, it always seems as in there is someone that is left behind. Educators need to be able to reach out as many students as possible, but some may argue that it does not feel this way. Often, students with special education needs are considered to be too difficult to teach, or simple just a â€Å"lost cause.† The way we interact and care for all students not only shows in each student, but it shows in the impact it has on the community as a whole. Keywords: special education, social justiceRead MoreThe Threat Of New Entrants1474 Words   |  6 Pagesdistance learning need to get accredited for the courses they are offering, Government policy - Distance education is evolving rapidly in the targeted countries in the past years. The governments of these countries pay special attention to the higher education and the possibilities for distance learning in order to satisfy the increasing demand of highly trained individuals. Capital requirements - The biggest investment is getting the needed equipment for the purpose of distance learning. EspeciallyRead MoreHorizon Report: Higher Education Editions Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe Horizon Report: 2014 Higher Education Editions seeks to answer several questions and as such examined emerging technologies for the potential impact on and use in teaching, learning and creative inquiry within the environment of higher education. They also seek answers to the many local factors which affect the practice of education, the issues that transcend regional boundaries and questions common to higher education. This report focused on 18 topics identified by the expert panels which areRead MoreDevelopment Of Information Communication Technology1322 Words   |  6 Pageslife-style change. This has particularly impacted the education system, traditional educational approaches, which were focused at the classroom were very limiting due to the extensive curricula. Time allocated to individ ual classes is not enough for teachers to explain all the content, to solve case studies and to teach students skills, such as oral and written communication, critical and creative thinking, group work, and a usage of new learning technologies. Development of Information Communication

Economics For A Sustainable World - 1376 Words

Title: Study Report of David Jones Course code: LB5229 Course Name: Economics for a sustainable world Due Date: January 30th - Friday of week 10 by 5:00 p.m. AEST Weighting: 3,000 Words max. Students Name: Diana Pineda ID #12890593, Manan raj ID# 13087370 January 30, 2015 Mr Gregory Trotman Economics for a Sustainable World James Cook University Brisbane QLD 4000 Mr Gregory Trotman As requested, we has prepared an economic Study Report of David Jones analysing this company business operations and evaluating how their long-run business viability may be affected by the sustainability practice they adopt in their business operations.†¦show more content†¦They have the finest brands in the world and are well reputed as niche retailers across Australia. Not only they are the oldest department store in Australia but also the world’s oldest department store across the world that still operates under the original trading name they begin with. (David Jones Official Website, 2014). David Jones is very well known for the big stylish brands that they offer to its customers. It is also considered the core, the face, and the backbone of the bringing stylish products esp. when it comes to clothing to the market of Australia. (David Jones Official Website, 2014) It is home to world’s most expensive and Top Tier clothing and accessories and it has maintained its reputation as that for nearly 2 centuries now. It serves big brands such as Donna Karen, Dolce Gabbana, Emporia Armani etc. that needs no introduction and production that generally defines a person’s standard of life and status in this modern society. (David Jones, 2012) Generally David Jones primary customers are local customers and are located nearby city, although since Australia is a major tourist place that also impacts the sales of David Jones. A study also shows that tourists share a big part of the total customer ratio of the products that are being sold by David Jones in their retails stores. (David Jones, 2012). The recent studies show the profit margin of David Jones has declined by 6.1% in 2012 due to the market

Interface Design Professional & Scientific Staff Management

Task 1: You are assigned a role to develop a new system based on the project case study. Draw a context diagram and a level-0 DFD for it. Answer1: Introduction The report is describing the Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) System. Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) provide temporary staffs to companies for some specific jobs. The report is describing the complete management system of Professional and Scientific Staff Management by using UML diagrams. Context diagram, use case diagram, class diagram, activity diagram and sequence diagram are showing the complete process of Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) System. The basic flow of the PSSM system is being described by Context diagram while use case diagram is showing the complete behaviour of the Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) system. The domain class model is showing the objects, classes and attributes which are being used in the Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) system. Without domain class model; the system will not be developed. Thus every model is necessary to describe and implement a good system. Activity diagram shows the workflow of every process of the entire system graphically while the system sequence diagram shows every aspect like actors, events, their order and complete flow of events of the entire system. Context Diagram and Level 0 Diagram The Context diagram is showing the graphical presentation of the data flow of the entire system. It is the basic unit for any project analysis. It shows the scope and boundary of the entire system. (Modern Analyst Media LLC 2014) Task 2: Draw a use case diagram by using the Level-0 DFD that you provided in Task 1. Note: Your use case diagram directly relates to the information in Level-0 diagram, but it will also relate to the same system presented as in the context diagram Answer2: Use Case Diagram Use Case Diagram is showing the complete behaviour of the Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) system. The use case diagram shows all the internal and external users of the system. It is showing all the process and all the users of the PSSM system Task 3: Develop a domain model class diagram for the system based on the project case study. Answer3: The domain class model is the conceptual model. The above domain class model is showing the objects, classes and attributes which are being used in the Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) system. It is describing all constrains in the system for all cases. It is not showing the solution of the problems which will occur in the PSSM system. (Scott W. Ambler, 2014). Task 4: Develop an activity diagram for the scenario Answer 4: Activity Diagram The Activity diagram shows the complete graphical representation of workflow of all the activities in the system. It shows each and every step of the activity and shows all constrains and validations for each activity differently. The above diagram is showing all activities with all possible conditions in the Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) system. (Microsoft 2015) Task 5: Using the Activity Diagram above, produce a system sequence diagram, i.e. only include two swimlanes one for the actor (PSSM employee) and the other for the entire system as a system class object. Answer 5: System Sequence Diagram The system sequence diagram shows all the actors, events, their order and complete flow of events of the system. It can show the complete flow of the use case of the system. The above diagram is showing all actors, events and their order in the Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) system. It is showing the objects required in the PSSM system and the events held between them and the order of the events in which it will occur. (Microsoft Corporation 2015) One object is Client Company, one is Contact Manager and another one is PSSM System, is being displayed in the above system sequence diagram. Every flow between these objects is clearly visible in the diagram which is very useful to understand the flow of the system. Conclusion The report of Professional and Scientific Staff Management (PSSM) System is defining the complete understand of the system. It is showing context diagram, use case diagram, class diagram, activity diagram and sequence diagram. Every class, object and attributes which are necessary to implement the system are defined by class diagram and every case which can be occur to implement the best system is defined in the report. The new system has some changes than previous system. In new system, the right to update the database will be given to only one person to escape data mismatch in the system. Thus every person has no right to update database like previous system which was the major reason of degradation of the system but the new proposed system is eliminating this drawback and improving the performance. References [1] Microsoft Corporation, D 2015, Create a UML Sequence Diagram, viewed 9th Jan 2015 [2] Microsoft, D 2015, UML Activity Diagrams: Guidelines, viewed 9th Jan 2015 [3] Modern Analyst Media LLC, D 2014, Interviews Questions for Business Analysts and System Analysts, viewed 9th Jan 2015 [4] uml-diagrams.org, D 2014, UML Use Case Diagrams, viewed 9th Jan 2015 [5] Scott W. Ambler, D 2014, UML2 Class Diagrams: An Agile Introduction, viewed 9th Jan 2015

Timeline for Music Appreciation free essay sample

Genres: Gregorian Chant, Secular music, Church Music Time period: Church was the center of the musical scene at this time period, most music at the beginning was just vocal and sacred because instruments were not allowed in church at this point in time. As time progressed secular music began to pick up because people wanted to be able to have music outside of church and generally wanted something with a strong steady beat that they could dance to. Gregorian Chant was also developed at this time and was the official music of the roman catholic church, music set to sacred Latin texts, and had a very flexible rhythm. Important events: Black death (1347-52), Rome was sacked by vandals, Beowulf was written, and the first crusades. Composer: Hildegard Von Bingen. Song- O Successors (Gregorian Chant) Renaissance (1450-1600) Genres: Choral music, Motet, and the Mass. Time Period: Many more instruments were introduced during this time period and added a new layer to the music of this period instead of being just vocal music or church music. We will write a custom essay sample on Timeline for Music Appreciation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rhythm of music in this period flowed gently rather than having a sharply defined beat, the melodic lines had greater rhythm independence, and the melody usually moves along a scale with few large leaps. Important events: This time period is most known as the rebirth of human creativity with the intellectual movement being the focus. The belief that people are capable of creating good and beautiful works also known as humanism, this made it a status symbol to be educated because the more that you know the more money that your family had. Composer: Josquin. Song- Ave Maria (Motif) The Baroque Period (1600-1750) Genres: Opera, Orchestra, the Fugue Time period: At this time in history people were living very flamboyant life styles and that really showed in the complexity of the music along with the  decorations and stage work. As for the music it had one mood throughout the entire piece the rhythm patterns are repeated throughout the song, the opening melody will also be heard again and again throughout the song, and the volumes are consistent with sharp changes. Important event: This was a very important time for science and people like Galileo made it so people would no longer just accept what people told them but they would begin to conduct experiments to prove things. Composer: George Frideric Handel. Song- Messiah (Oratorio)

How to Turn Points Into Essays

How to Turn Points Into EssaysOne of the ways to turn a point you are making into an argumentative essay is to start by writing a short story. You can either begin a novel or begin a short story by starting with an idea in mind.If you are only going to be using your story as an outline, you can start with a short story and work your way through it, beginning with the first chapter. You will see that it is easier to develop ideas into a story if you go from A to B.If you are going to write the entire story yourself, start with a very short story and look for opportunities where you can use the format of the short story as a guide to how to use the actual story. After you finish the first chapter, look for places where you can insert the structure of the story into the structure of the essay. This is how to make your argumentative essay topics over novels an argumentative essay topic.Also, if you do not have a problem with jumping around between topics and returning to old topics' time again, you can use your writer's instinct to move back and forth between topics. Try using the same word or phrase to describe two things that are similar, such as 'agreed'advised.' This may not work well in a novel, but when you use this method in essay form, you are building your argument by using words that readers will recognize.You also want to avoid repeating structure or information. You might have to rewrite a lot of your essay to get rid of redundancies. This will be different in every style.Another good way to turn a point into an argument is to use a graphic image that brings together the arguments in your essay. Use your imagination, and try to make the image stand for what the essay is about, rather than what you are trying to prove.Your thesis statement will be important to make sure that your essay includes all the ideas in the argument. Once you know what your thesis statement is, and how you will justify the ideas, you can actually use your argumentative essay topi cs over novels as an argumentative essay topic. Your thesis statement is your guiding light in this essay.There are many other ways to turn a point into an argument, but the process of turning points into essays is one that you can build on as you learn more about the writing process. Whether you want to use arguments in novels or essays, you can make your point stronger with strong argumentative essays that use the persuasive power of the written word.

Avian Influenza Essay Example

Avian Influenza Essay Example Avian Influenza Paper Avian Influenza Paper Essay Topic: The Wild Duck Avian Influenza Introduction Bird flu in most cases begins with discomfort of lower respiratory ways and in unusual casesfrom upper respiratory air-ways. Elevated viral titer is isolated from pharynx but not from nose. Initial symptoms of the H5N1 influenza are: high grade fever, mild cold, cough and shortness of breath. Practically all patients develop viral pneumonia complicating to secondary bacterial infection, mild to severe respiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Conjunctivitis is entity. Sometimes gastrointestinal disorder develops earlier than respiratory symptoms. Avian influenza viruses are shed in respiratory secretions and feces of birds. Infected ducks, for example, shed virus for at least 30 days. Influenza virus from the feces of waterfowl can be recovered from surface water. Avian species develop infection that ranges from asymptomatic to lethal. Avian influenza has caused major outbreaks in poultry farms.   Influenza virus can undergo genetic mutations in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase (antigens on the surface of the virus) that can lead to epidemics. Much less commonly, a completely new hemagglutinin or neuraminidase emerges- with the new genetic material coming from animals. This genetic shift typically leads to pandemics. Early chronology: 1929 Last evidence (serologic) of circulation in humans of a swine-like influenza virus 1930 Isolation of an influenza virus from swine 1933 First isolation of an influenza virus from humans Until 1995, only three of the 15 influenza hemagglutinins that had been identified were known to cause infections in humans. Birds have all 15 identified hemagglutinins and nine neuraminidases. New influenza viruses often emerge from southern China, a region characterized by a large, densely settled human population and abundant pigs and ducks living in close proximity to humans. Until events in Hong Kong in 1997, scientists thought that avian influenza posed no direct threat to humans. In 1997, after causing influenza outbreaks on chicken farms, avian influenza (H5N1) spread to humans (Claas et al. 1998). Eighteen human cases were confirmed, six of them fatal. Infection was concentrated in children and young adults, unlike the pattern in most outbreaks where morbidity and death are most common in older adults. The virus recovered from humans was identical to that found in birds (Subbarao et al. 1998). Epidemiological studies suggested that there had been multiple independent introductions of the influenza virus into the human population from birds, but that very limited person-to-person spread occurred. At the time of the human cases, there were estimated to be 300–600 live bird markets in Hong Kong, where mixing of different avian species (ducks, chickens, pheasants, pigeons, wild birds) was possible. When the Hong Kong live bird markets were studied , 10% or more of birds were found to be shedding H5N1, in multiple avian species (geese, chickens, ducks). The birds (more than one million) were killed, and no additional human cases of H5N1 have been documented. In 1999, human infection with H9N2, another avian influenza strain widespread in Asia, was also documented for the first time in humans, at a time of enhanced surveillance (Peiris et al. 1999). The events in Hong Kong have led to heightened global surveillance for influenza in humans and animals. There was reason to be concerned about the events in Hong Kong, a densely populated city with extensive links to the rest of the world. In 1993, there were an estimated 41.4 million passenger movements (boat, train, car, airplane) and from Hong Kong. The influenza viruses that afflict humans are divided into three types: A, B, and C. Influenza A is responsible for the epidemics and infects not only man but also pigs, horses, seals, and a large variety of birds. Indeed, influenza A has been isolated worldwide from both domestic and wild birds, primarily waterbirds including ducks, geese, terns, and gulls and domesticated birds such as turkeys, chickens, quail, pheasants, geese, and ducks. Studies of wild ducks in Canada from 1975 to 1994 indicated that up to 20 percent of the juveniles were infected, and fecal samples from their lakeshore habitats contained the virus. These birds usually shed the virus from five to seven days (with a maximum of thirty days) after becoming infected even though they show no sign of the disease. Obviously, this virus and its hosts have adapted mutually over many centuries and created a reservoir that ensures perpetuation of the virus. Duck virus has been implicated in outbreaks of influenza in animal s such as seals, whales, pigs, horses, and turkeys. Extensive analysis of the viruss genetic structure, or nucleic acid sequences, supports the hypotheses that mammalian influenza viruses, including those infecting man, may well originate in aquatic birds. (Suarez DL, Spackman E, Senne DA, 2003) Subtypes of influenza A, the various strains of these avian viruses can be classified as either highly pathogenic or as of low pathogenicity, based on their genetic features and the severity of illness they cause in birds. There are currently 27 potential forms of the three subtypes of avian influenza viruses differentiated by variations in the neuraminidase surface antigen. Thus, H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses, so named for their hemagglutinin surface antigen, can each be matched with nine possible neuraminidase surface antigens, N1, N2, N3, etc. Thus, there could be H5N1 through H5N9, H7N1 through H7N9, and H9N1 through H9N9 strains. H9 viruses appear to be of low pathogenicity, while H5 and H7 viruses can be highly pathogenic for birds. However, low pathogenic forms of these viruses seem to be the cause of most outbreaks among poultry causing only mild or imperceptible illness and low mortality rates. Nonetheless, both H5 and H7 can develop high levels of pathogenicity in which case mortality rates in poultry flocks can reach 100%. The natural history of avian influenza viruses is characterized by spread through infected nasal, respiratory and fecal material, and a reservoir state in healthy birds. (Pascal James Imperato, 2005) www.springerlink.com/index/H6427776HH34G857.pdf Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in humans has not been clearly explained. Apoptosis might also play a vital part. Apoptosis has been observed in alveolar epithelial cells, which is the major target cell type for the viral replication. Many apoptotic leukocytes were observed in the lungs of patients who died on day 6 of illness. Apoptosis may play a major role in the pathogenesis of influenza (H5N1) virus in humans by destroying alveolar epithelial cells. This pathogenesis causes pneumonia and destroys leukocytes, leading to leucopenia, which is an outstanding clinical feature of influenza (H5N1) virus in humans. Whether observed apoptotic cells were a directly related to viral replication or outcome of an over activation of the immune system needs further studies. (Uiprasertkul M, 2007) www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/5/708.htm Infected birds were the major source of the H5N1 influenza virus among humans in Asia. Mainly humans became infected by eating infected birds, by poor hygiene procedures when cooking infected birds, or by close contact with infected poultry. (Reina J, 2002). Certain birds, particularly water birds, act as hosts for influenza viruses by carrying the virus in their intestines and shedding it. Infected birds shed virus in saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. Susceptible birds can become infected with avian influenza virus when they have contact with contaminated nasal, respiratory, or fecal material from infected birds. Fecal-to-oral transmission is the most common mode of spread among birds. Most often, the wild birds that are the hosts for the virus do not get sick, but they can spread influenza to other birds. (CDC, 2006) www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/spread.htm At present spread of the H5N1 influenza from human to human by air born route has not been registered, but enduring monitoring for identification mutation and adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus to human is needed. Most studies performed in avian viral strains elucidates that virulence is a polygenic phenomenon. However, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase and the genes codifying these substances (genes 4 and 6) play a vital role in viral pathogenesis. (Gu J, Xie Z, Gao Z, Liu J, Korteweg C, Ye J, Lau LT, Lu J, Gao Z, Zhang B, McNutt MA, Lu M, Anderson VM, Gong E, Yu AC, Lipkin WI, 2007). Avian strains can be classified as virulent or avirulent according to the capability of hemagglutinin to be triggered by endoproteases of the respiratory tract merely or by proteases from other tissues. This ability is based on the ever going mutations that lead to the substitution of the normal amino acids at the point of hemagglutinin hydrolysis by the other basic amino acids that determine the amplifi cation of the spectrum of hydrolysis and activation. Neuraminidase contributes in the acquisition of virulence through its ability to attach to plasminogen and by escalating the concentration of activating proteases. Adaptation to the host, by recognition of the cell receptor, is an additional factor determining the virulence and interspecies spread of avian strains. (Reina J, 2002) Transmission to mammals Influenza A viruses from aquatic birds grow poorly in human cells, and vice versa. However, both avian and human influenza viruses can replicate in pigs. We have known that pigs are susceptible to influenza viruses that infect man ever since the veterinarian J. S. Koen first observed pigs with influenza symptoms closely resembling those of humans. Retrospective tests of human blood indicate that the swine virus isolated by Shope in 1928 was similar to the human virus and likely responsible for the human epidemic. Swine influenza still persists year-round and is the cause of most respiratory diseases in pigs. Interestingly, in 1976, swine influenza virus isolated from military recruits at Fort Dix was indistinguishable from virus isolates obtained from a man and a pig on a farm in Wisconsin. The examiners concluded that animals, especially aquatic birds and pigs, can be reservoirs of influenza virus. When such viruses or their components mix with human influenza virus, dramatic geneti c shifts can follow, creating the potential of a new epidemic for humans. The influenza virus continually evolves by antigenic shift and drift. Early studies in this area by Robert Webster and Graeme Laver established the importance of monitoring influenza strains in order to predict future epidemics. Antigenic shifts are major changes in the structure of the influenza virus that determines its effect on immune responses. Of the viral proteins, the hemagglutinin (H), a major glycoprotein of the virus, plays a central role in infection, because breakdown of hemagglutinin into two smaller units is required for virus infectivity. (Suarez DL, Spackman E, Senne DA, 2003). Shifts in the composition of the hemagglutinin (H) or neuraminidase (N), another glycoprotein, of influenza virus were observed in the 1933, 1957, 1968, and 1977 epidemics: 1933: H1N1 1957: H2N2 (Asian flu) 1968: H3N2 (Hong Kong flu) 1977: reappearance of H1N1, called the Russian flu The reappearance in 1977 of the Russian flu, a virus first isolated in 1933, raises the uneasy possibility that a return of the 1918-19 influenza epidemics with its devastation of human life is possible and perhaps likely. In March of 1997, part of influenza virus nucleic acid was isolated from a formalin-fixed lung tissue sample of a twenty-one-year-old Army private that died during the 1918-19 Spanish influenza pandemic. Since the first influenza viruses were not isolated until the 1930s, characterization of the 1918-19 strain relied on molecular definition of the viruss RNA. Chemical evidence indicated a novel H1N1 sequence of a viral strain that differed from all other subsequently characterized influenza strains and that the 1918 HA human sequence correlated best with swine influenza strains. Once the entire sequence is on hand, a virulent marker for the influenza virus associated with killing over 675,000 Americans from 1918 to 1919 may be uncovered and a vaccine planned that might abort the return of this virus form of influenza.   When such antigenic shifts occur, the appearance of disease is predictable. Therefore, surveillance centers have been established all over the world where isolates of influenza are obtained and studied for alterations, primarily in the hemagglutinin. According to the evidence from these centers, isolates identified in late spring are excellent indicators of potential epidemics in the following winter. Both avian and human influenza viruses can replicate in pigs, and genetic reassortants or combinations between them can be demonstrated experimentally. A likely scenario for such an antigenic shift in nature occurs when the prevailing human strain of influenza A virus and an avian influenza virus concurrently infect a pig, which serves as a mixing vessel. Reassortants containing genes derived mainly from the human virus but with a hemagglutinin and polymerase gene from the avian source are able to infect humans and initiate a new pandemic. In rural Southeast Asia, the most densely populated area of the world; hundreds of millions of people live and work in close contact with domesticated pigs and ducks. This is the likely reason for influenza pandemics in China. Epidemics other than the 1918-19 catastrophes have generally killed 50,000 or fewer individuals, although within a year over one million people had been infected with these new strains. Conclusion Three major hypotheses have been put forth to explain antigenic shifts. First, as described above, a new virus can come from a reassortant in which an avian influenza virus gene substitutes for one of the human influenza virus genes. The genome of human influenza group A contains eight RNA segments, and current wisdom is that the circulating influenza hemagglutinin in humans has been replaced with an avian hemagglutinin. A second explanation for antigenic shifts that yield new epidemic viruses is that strains from other mammals or birds become infectious for humans. Some believe that this is the cause of the Spanish influenza virus epidemic in 1918-19, with the transmission of swine influenza virus to humans. A third possibility is that newly emerging viruses have actually remained hidden and unchanged somewhere but suddenly come forth to cause an epidemic, as the Russian H1N1 virus once did. H1N1 first was isolated in 1933, then disappeared when replaced by the Asian H2N2 in 1957. H owever, twenty years later the virus reappeared in a strain isolated in northern China and subsequently spread to the rest of the world. This virus was identical in all its genes to one that caused human influenza epidemics in the 1950s. (Gu J, Xie Z, Gao Z, Liu J, Korteweg C, Ye J, Lau LT, Lu J, Gao Z, Zhang B, McNutt MA, Lu M, Anderson VM, Gong E, Yu AC, Lipkin WI, 2007) Where the virus was for twenty years is not known. Could it have been inactivated in a frozen state, preserved in an animal reservoir, or obscured in some other way? If this is so, will the Spanish influenza virus also return, and what will be the consequences for the human population? In addition to antigenic shift, which signifies major changes in existing viruses, antigenic drift permits slight alterations in viral structure. These follow pinpoint changes (mutations) in amino acids in various antigen domains that relate to immune pressure, leading to selection. For example, the hemagglutinin molecule gradually changes while undergoing antigenic drift. Such mutations allow the virus to escape from attack by antibodies generated during a previous bout of infection. Because these antibodies would ordinarily protect the host by removing the virus, this escape permits the related infection to remain in the population. With these difficulties of antigenic shift and, drift and animal reservoirs, it is not surprising that making an influenza vaccine as effective as those for smallpox, pohovirus, yellow fever, or measles is difficult to achieve. Another complication is that immunity to influenza virus is incomplete; that is, even in the presence of an immune response, influenza can still occur. Nevertheless, the challenge of developing vaccines based on surveillance studies has been met. A chemically treated, formalin-inactivated virus has been formulated in a vaccine that is 30 to 70 percent effective in increasing resistance to influenza virus. The vaccine decreases the frequency of influenza attacks or, at least, the severity of disease in most recipients, although protection is not absolute. In addition, the secondary bacterial infections that may accompany influenza are today treatable with potent antibacterial drugs previously unavailable. Nonetheless, of the plagues that visit humans, influenza is among those that require constant surveillance, because we can be certain that some form of influenza will continue to return. References: CDC. Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses among Birds; Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 68, 2006.www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/spread.htm Claas, E. C. J., A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, R. van Beek, J. C. De Jong, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, D. A. Senne, S. Krauss, K. F. Shortridge, and R. G. Webster. 1998. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet 351:472–477. Gu J, Xie Z, Gao Z, Liu J, Korteweg C, Ye J, Lau LT, Lu J, Gao Z, Zhang B, McNutt MA, Lu M, Anderson VM, Gong E, Yu AC, Lipkin WI. H5N1 infection of the respiratory tract and beyond: a molecular pathology study; Lancet Sep 29; 370(9593):1106-8, 2007 Pascal James Imperato. The Growing Challenge of Avian Influenza; Journal of Community Health, Vol. 30, 2005. www.springerlink.com/index/H6427776HH34G857.pdf Peiris, M., K. Y. Yuen, C. W. Leung, K. H. Chan, P. L. S. Ip, R. W. M. Lai, W. K. Orr, and K. F. Shortridge. 1999. Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet 354:916–917. Reina J. Factors affecting the virulence and pathogenicity of avian and human viral strains (influenza virus type A)] Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin; 20(7):346-53 (ISSN: 0213-005X) Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Espaà ±a, 2002 direct.bl.uk/research/48/44/RN119578176.html Suarez DL, Spackman E, Senne DA. Update on molecular epidemiology of H1, H5, and H7 influenza virus infections in poultry in North America; Avian Dis. 2003; 47(3 Suppl): 888-97 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez Subbarao, K., A. Klimov, J. Katz, H. Renery, W. Lim, H. Hall, M. Perdue, D. Swayne, C. Bender, J. Huang, M. Hemphill, T. Rowe, M. Shaw, X. Xu, K. Fukuda, and N. Cox. 1998. Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science 279:393–396. Uiprasertkul M. Apoptosis and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Humans Emerg Infect Dis; 13(5):708-12 (ISSN: 1080-6040) Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.2007 www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/5/708.htm